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CONTENTS
Volume 2, Number 2, June 2015
 


Abstract
Undifferentiated stem cells are being studied to obtain information on the therapeutic potential of isolates that are produced. Dental Pulp Stem Ccell (DPSC) may provide an abundant supply of highly proliferative, multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC), which are now known to be capable of regenerating a variety of human tissues including bone and other dental structures. Many factors influence DPSC quality and quantity, including the specific methods used to isolate, collect, concentrate, and store these isolates once they are removed. Ancillary factors, such as the choice of media, the selection of early versus late passage cells, and cryopreservation techniques may also influence the differentiation potential and proliferative capacity of DPSC isolates. This literature review concludes that due to the delicate nature of DPSC, more research is needed for dental researchers and clinicians to more fully explore the feasibility and potential for isolating and culturing DPSCs extracted from adult human teeth in order to provide more accurate and informed advice for this newly developing field of regenerative medicine.

Key Words
Dental Pulp Stem Cell (DPSC); isolation; culture; cryopreservation; media; differentiation; biomarkers

Address
Aubrey Young: Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, UNLV School of Dental Medicine, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, Nevada 89106-4124, USA

Karl Kingsley: Biomedical Science, Director of Student Research, UNLV School of Dental Medicine, 1001 Shadow Lane, MS 7412, Las Vegas, Nevada 89106-4124, USA

Abstract
A low-profile flow sensor has been designed, fabricated, and characterized to demonstrate the feasibility for monitoring hemodynamics in cerebral aneurysm. The prototype device is composed of three micro-membranes (500-µm-thick polyurethane film with 6-µm-thick layers of nitinol above and below). A novel super-hydrophilic surface treatment offers excellent hemocompatibility for the thin nitinol electrode. A computational study of the deformable mechanics optimizes the design of the flow sensor and the analysis of computational fluid dynamics estimates the flow and pressure profiles within the simulated aneurysm sac. Experimental studies demonstrate the feasibility of the device to monitor intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics in a blood vessel. The mechanical compression test shows the linear relationship between the applied force and the measured capacitance change. Analytical calculation of the resonant frequency shift due to the compression force agrees well with the experimental results. The results have the potential to address important unmet needs in wireless monitoring of intra-aneurysm hemodynamic quiescence.

Key Words
cerebral aneurysm; flow sensor; thin film nitinol; capacitance; finite element modeling

Address
Yanfei Chen, Youngjae Chun: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA

Brian T. Jankowitz: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Sung Kwon Cho: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA

Woon-Hong Yeo: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.

Youngjae Chun: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA

Abstract
This study developed biodegradable bi-layered drug-eluting beads and investigated the in-vitro release of fluorouracil and cisplatin from the beads. To manufacture the drug-eluting beads, poly[(d,l)-lactide-co-glycolide] (PLGA) with lactide:glycolide ratios of 50:50 and 75:25 were mixed with fluorouracil or cisplatin. The mixture was compressed and sintered at 55

Key Words
biodegradable bi-layered beads; polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA); in vitro release; fluorouracil; cisplatin

Address
Kuo-Sheng Liu: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan

Kuo-Sheng Liu, Ko-Ang Pan and Shih-Jung Liu: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan

Abstract
A series of amphiphilic graft copolymers were synthesized by varying the number of graft chains and graft chain lengths. The polarity of the hydrophobic graft chain on the copolymers was varied their solution properties. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers was in the low-temperature region, because of the amorphous nature of poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). The surface morphology of the lyophilized colloid gel had a bundle structure, which was derived from the combination of poly(Nhydroxyethylacrylamide)(poly(HEAA)) and PTMC. The solution properties were evaluated using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence measurements. The particle size of the graft copolymers was about 30-300 nm. The graft copolymers with a higher number of repeating units attributed to the TMC (trimethylene carbonate) component and with a lower macromonomer ratio showed high thermal stability. The critical association concentration was estimated to be between 2.2

Key Words
poly(trimethylene carbonate); amphiphilic graft copolymer; colloid gel; critical association concentration; molecular incorporation

Address
Kyohei Nitta: Department of Life and Functional Material Science, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan

Atsushi Kimoto, Junji Watanabe and Yoshiyuki Ikeda: Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan

Abstract
For engineers, generating a mesh in porous media (PMs) sometimes represents a smaller computational load than generating realistic stent geometries with computer fluid dynamics (CFD). For this reason, PMs have recently become attractive to mimic flow-diverter stents (FDs), which are used to treat intracranial aneurysms. PMs function by introducing a hydraulic resistance using Darcy\'s law; therefore, the pressure drop may be computed by test sections parallel and perpendicular to the main flow direction. However, in previous studies, the pressure drop parallel to the flow may have depended on the width of the gap between the stent and the wall of the test section. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as the test section geometry and the distance over which the pressure drops was not clear. Given these problems, computing the pressure drop parallel to the flow becomes extremely difficult. The aim of the present study is to resolve this lack of information for stent modeling using PM and to compute the pressure drop using several methods to estimate the influence of the relevant parameters. To determine the pressure drop as a function of distance, an FD was placed parallel and perpendicular to the flow in test sections with rectangular geometries. The inclined angle method was employed to extrapolate the flow patterns in the parallel direction. A similar approach was applied with a cylindrical geometry to estimate loss due to pipe friction. Additionally, the pressure drops were computed by using CFD. To determine if the balance of pressure drops (parallel vs perpendicular) affects flow patterns, we calculated the flow patterns for an ideal aneurysm using PMs with various ratios of parallel pressure drop to perpendicular pressure drop. The results show that pressure drop in the parallel direction depends on test section. The PM thickness and the ratio of parallel permeability to perpendicular permeability affect the flow pattern in an ideal aneurysm. Based on the permeability ratio and the flow patterns, the pressure drop in the parallel direction can be determined.

Key Words
intracranial stent; porous media; flow diverter; cerebral aneurysm; Darcy\' law

Address
Makoto Ohta, Hitomi Anzai: Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan

Hitomi Anzai: Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan

Yukihisa Miura: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan

Toshio Nakayama: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku,Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan

Toshio Nakayama: National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8511, Japan


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