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CONTENTS
Volume 31, Number 1, July 2026
 

Abstract
This study explores the free vibration behaviour of simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) nanobeams on various elastic and viscoelastic foundations using Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived through Hamilton's principle, incorporating small-scale effects that are crucial at the nanoscale. The analytical Navier solution is used to solve these equations, providing accurate natural frequency predictions. The study validates its approach against previous research and conducts a detailed parametric analysis. This analysis examines the influence of key factors, such as the power-law index, nonlocal parameter, porosity, and foundation elastic and damping coefficients. The results show that increased porosity and nonlocal effects generally decrease the natural frequencies, whereas foundation stiffness and damping significantly affect the vibrational response. These findings underscore the importance of considering material gradation, microstructural characteristics, and foundation properties in the dynamic analysis and design of FGM nanobeams for advanced nano-engineering applications.

Key Words
Eringen; Hamilton model; nanobeams; vibration; virtual work principle; viscoelastic foundations

Address
Abdelhakim Bouhadra, Abderahmane Menasria: 1) Civil Engineering Department, University of Khenchela, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Algeria; 2) Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Algeria
Djamel Eddine Lafi, Abdelkader Tamrabet: Civil Engineering Department, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif1, Faculty of Technology, Algeria
Salah Refrafi: Civil Engineering Department, University of Khenchela, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Algeria
Hayat Benachi: 1) Civil Engineering Department, University of Khenchela, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Algeria; 2) Laboratory of Engineering and Sciences of Advanced Materials, BP 1252 Road of Batna, Khenchela 40000, Algeria

Abstract
This study integrates soil response analysis and structural dynamics analysis to evaluate the earthquake resistance of the Lecture Building of the Professional Programme at the Faculty of Teacher Education and Training (FTTE) and to determine wave amplification and propagation, as well as soil strength. The research process began with a site characterisation survey to collect geological data. Seismic soil response analysis was conducted to evaluate how earthquake vibrations propagate from deep soil layers to the building's foundations, and the results were subsequently used to simulate seismic loads on the building structure. Structural vulnerability was identified through an evaluation of the stress ratio. Several elements are highlighted in red, indicating that the building structure is overloaded or unsafe. In this study, the beams weakened. Components that did not meet the requirements were retrofitted to improve load-bearing capacity and structural ductility. The analysis results showed that these reinforcement methods significantly improved structural performance. The results demonstrated that the improvements significantly enhanced structural performance. This study highlights the importance of combining soil response analysis and structural dynamics to enhance the safety and resilience of buildings in earthquake-prone areas.

Key Words
building inspections; earthquakes; reinforcement methods; retrofitting; soil response; structural dynamics

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38371, Indonesia

Abstract
This study investigates the seismic response of large-diameter variable cross-section pile group foundations in liquefiable sandy soils through shaking table testing. The proposed pile configuration adopts enlarged upper sections and reduced lower sections. Four seismic inputs (5010, 1004, Kobe, and El Centro) with a peak acceleration of 0.20 g were applied to evaluate liquefaction development and pile dynamic response. Excess pore pressure, acceleration amplification, lateral displacement, and bending moment distributions were analyzed. Results show that seismic loading induces significant liquefaction, with pore pressure ratios reaching 0.6-0.8. Acceleration responses exhibit amplification and phase lag along the pile. The 1004 wave produces the largest acceleration and bending moment responses, while the El Centro wave causes the maximum lateral displacement. Residual deformation occurs in all cases, indicating permanent soil-structure interaction effects. The variable cross-section pile configuration demonstrates improved seismic deformation resistance and bending moment redistribution capacity, guiding the seismic design of bridge foundations in marine seismic regions.

Key Words
bridge engineering; dynamic response; liquefaction of sand; seismic design; shaking table model test

Address
Highway College, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China

Abstract
This study proposes a novel sliding connection designed for achieving a suitable connection between sandwich composite wall panels (SCWP) and the reinforced concrete (RC) frame. Low-cycle reversed horizontal loading tests were conducted on three specimens: RC frame with SCWP using the sliding connection, RC frame with SCWP using rigid connection, and bare RC frame, to investigate the seismic failure mechanism and seismic performance of RC frame-SCWP systems with the sliding connection. The failure modes, hysteresis curves, backbone curves, stiffness degradation curves, and cumulative energy dissipation curves of the three specimens were comparatively analyzed. Results indicate that SCWP can enhance the shear capacity and initial stiffness of the RC frame. With the sliding connection, the wall can move within the RC frame along the predesigned sliding slots, dissipating seismic energy through its own movement and thus improving the structural energy dissipation capacity. Additionally, flexible strips were installed between the wall and frame, effectively reducing the wall's constraint on the frame and further enhancing structural deformability. Consequently, the specimen with the sliding connection exhibited 95.9% higher ductility and 32.1% greater cumulative energy dissipation than the rigidly connected specimen, with improved energy dissipation and reduced wall damage. Based on the equivalent diagonal strut singlebar model, a formula for calculating the lateral stiffness of RC frame-SCWP structures with the sliding connection was established.

Key Words
quasi-static cyclic tests; reinforced concrete frame; sandwich insulated composite wall; seismic performance; sliding connection

Address
Haopeng Dong, Han Zhou, Huadong Zhang, Tao Feng: College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
Kang Yuan: 1) College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China; 2) Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structural Safety in Cold, Arid and Strong Earthquake Regions, Shihezi, 832003, China
Jiepeng Liu: College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China

Abstract
Base isolation is an effective method for reducing the effects of earthquake shaking transferred from the ground to the superstructure. However, this method is not widely used, especially in developing countries, due to its high cost. The usability of low-cost sand-rubber-asphalt (SRA) mixtures for seismic base isolation of medium- and low-rise structures was investigated in this study. Monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed to obtain damping and other mechanical properties of the SRA mixtures that contain different amounts of crumb rubber. According to the experimental findings, the hysteretic damping of SRA mixtures with 4% rubber content (SRA4) is notably high, and the mixture exhibits more ductile behavior compared to others. Three-dimensional (3D) structural models with different numbers of storeys were simulated with the finite element method to evaluate the effects of seismic isolation elements made of SRA4. The isolation elements of different sizes were placed under the foundations of the superstructures, and two earthquake shaking records—with different maximum ground accelerations (PGAs)—were applied to the models. The analyses showed that the maximum roof acceleration of the structural models with the foundation isolation can decrease by up to 65% compared to the fixed-base models. Furthermore, an increase in the earthquake's PGA enhances the efficiency of this new type of foundation isolation system. This new isolation system shows similar performance to lead-rubber bearing isolation systems used in lowrise and mid-rise buildings.

Key Words
cyclic triaxial test; finite element method; foundation isolation; monotonic triaxial test; SRA mixtures

Address
Ahmet Kuvat: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova, Türkiye
Erol Şadoğlu: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye

Abstract
An improved grouting-anchor connection method of precast concrete shear walls (PCSWs) is proposed. The connection was composed of filling grouting material in metal corrugated pipe, used to effective the overlap of steel bars between walls, as well as surrounded spiral stirrups complete valid constrain. This paper focuses on the influence of the lap length of the connecting steel bar on improved connection for precast concrete shear wall in order to explore the seismic performance based previous research results. Four precast concrete shear walls with improved grouting anchorage connection with lap length of 0.7la (25d) and 0.9la (32d) (la as the anchorage length of tensile steel bar, d as diameter of steel bar) and two precast concrete shear walls with traditional grouting anchorage (TGA) connection with lap length of 0.9la experiments under cyclic loading were carried out. Experimental findings indicated that a lap length of 0.7la offers seismic performance comparable to that of 0.9la, accompanied by only slight reductions in ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation. Therefore, 0.7la is recommended for enhancing construction efficiency while maintaining an acceptable performance trade-off, whereas 0.9la is more suitable for conservative design. Further seismic behaviors analysis of different lap lengths, 0.7la (25d) to1.6la (56d), as well as traditional direct anchoring connections were studied by ABAQUS. Finally, a new shear calculation formula on the lap lengths of these improved connection has been proposed and verified as well.

Key Words
improved grouting-anchor connection; lap length; precast concrete shear walls; seismic behavior

Address
Xin Chen, Xingran Meng: School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, 25 South Hunnan Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110168, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
Jiaxu Li: School of Management, Shenyang Jianzhu University, 25 South Hunnan Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110168, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
Zhining Guo: Housing Acquisition and Compensation Management Office of Urumqi Tianshan District, No. 15, Heijiashan Houyi Lane, Tianshan District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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