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CONTENTS
Volume 84, Number 3, November10 2022
 


Abstract
This paper proposes a modified bar simulation method for analyzing the shear lag effect of variable sectional box girder with multiple cells. This theoretical method formulates the equivalent area of stiffening bars and the allocation proportion of shear flows in webs, and re-derives the governing differential equations of bar simulation method. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the model test and finite element (FE) analysis of a simply supported multi-cell box girder with constant depth. Subsequently, parametric analysis is conducted to explore the mechanism of shear lag effect of varied sectional cantilever box girder with multiple cells. Results show that the shear lag behavior of variable box-section cantilever box girder is weaker than that of box girder with constant section. It is recommended to make the gradient of shear flow in the web with respect to span length vary as smoothly as possible for eliminating the shear lag effect of box girder. An effective countermeasure for diminishing shear lag effect is to increase the number of box chambers or change the variation manner of bridge depth. The shear lag effect of varied sectional cantilever box girder will get more server when the length of central flanges is shorter than 0.26 or longer than 0.36 times of total width of top flange, as well as the cantilever length exceeds 0.29 times of total length of box's flange. Therefore, the distance between central webs can adjust the shear lag effect of box girder. Especially, the width ratio of cantilever plate with respect to total length of top flange is proposed to be no more 1/3.

Key Words
bar simulation method. mechanism. multi-cell box girder. shear lag effect. variable box-section girder

Address
Zengwei Guo: State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
Xinliang Liu, Longjing Li: School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

Abstract
In the buildings with long spans and high floors, such as logistics warehouses and semiconductor factories, it is difficult to install supporting posts under beams during construction. Therefore, the size of structural members becomes larger inevitably, resulting in a significant increase in construction costs. Accordingly, a prestressed hybrid wide flange (PHWF) beam with hollowed steel webs was developed, which can reduce construction costs by making multiple openings in the web of the steel member embedded in concrete. However, since multiple openings exist and prestress is introduced only into the bottom flange concrete, it is necessary to identify the shear resistance mechanism of the PHWF beam. This study presents experimental shear tests of PHWF beams with hollowed steel webs. Four PHWF beams with cast-in-place (CIP) concrete were fabricated, with key variables being the width and spacing of the steel webs embedded in the concrete and the presence of shear reinforcing bars, and web-shear tests were conducted. The shear behavior of the PHWF beam, including crack patterns, strain behavior of steel webs, and composite action between the prestressed bottom flange and CIP concrete, were measured and analyzed comprehensively. The test results showed that the steel web resists external shear forces through shear deformation when its width is sufficiently large, but as its width decreased, it exerted its shear contribution through normal deformation in a manner similar to that of shear reinforcing bars. In addition, it was found that stirrups placed on the cross section where the steel web does not exist contribute to improving the shear strength and deformation capacity of the member. Based on the shear behavior of the specimens, a straightforward calculation method was proposed to estimate the web-shear strength of PHWF beams with CIP concrete, and it provided a good estimation of the shear strength of PHWF beams, more accurate than the existing code equations.

Key Words
design codes; hybrid beam; prestressed concrete; steel-concrete composite; web-shear strength

Address
Sun-Jin Han, Jae Hyun Kim, Seung-Ho Choi, Inwook Heo: Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
Kang Su Kim: Department of Architectural Engineering and Smart City Interdisciplinary Major Program, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea

Abstract
The main idea of the framework is to seamlessly combine a reasonably accurate and fast surrogate model with the importance sampling strategy. Developing a surrogate model for predicting structures' dynamic responses is challenging because it involves high-dimensional inputs and outputs. For this purpose, a novel surrogate model based on cutting-edge deep learning architectures specialized for capturing temporal relationships within time-series data, namely Long-Short term memory layer and Transformer layer, is designed. After being properly trained, the surrogate model could be utilized in place of the finite element method to evaluate structures' responses without requiring any specialized software. On the other hand, the importance sampling is adopted to reduce the number of calculations required when computing the failure probability by drawing more relevant samples near critical areas. Thanks to the portability of the trained surrogate model, one can integrate the latter with the Importance sampling in a straightforward fashion, forming an efficient framework called TTIS, which represents double advantages: less number of calculations is needed, and the computational time of each calculation is significantly reduced. The proposed approach's applicability and efficiency are demonstrated through three examples with increasing complexity, involving a 1D beam, a 2D frame, and a 3D building structure. The results show that compared to the conventional Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed method can provide highly similar reliability results with a reduction of up to four orders of magnitudes in time complexity.

Key Words
deep learning algorithm; numerical simulation; reliability analysis; stochastic processes; structural engineering

Address
Truong-Thang Nguyen and Viet-Hung Dang: Faculty of Building and Industrial Construction, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract
Due to corrosion defects on the surface of the oil pipe, the sealing performance of the annular blowout preventer (BOP) decreases, and the leakage of toxic and harmful gases such as H2S and SO2 will threaten the safety of operators on the well. Therefore, this paper establishes the FE model for evaluating the sealing performance of BOP-oil pipe corrosion defects, which is based on the rubber large deformation theory and rubber core sealing mechanism, and designs the experiment of BOP sealing performance to verify the accuracy of the FE model. The sealing performance of BOP sealing oil pipe with corrosion defects is studied. The research results show that the sealing performance of BOP is more sensitive to the axial size of corrosion defects. With the increase of oil pipe outer diameter, the critical size of defects increases continuously. The sensitivity of radial and depth dimensions is low, When for 88.9 mm outer diameter oil pipe, the axial critical size of corrosion defect is 20 mm, the radial critical size is 16 mm and the critical depth is 2 mm. Fit the formula between the outer diameter of oil pipe and the piston increment. According to the formula, the operator can calculate the piston stroke increment required by the BOP to complete the sealing when the oil pipe is corroded.

Key Words
annular blowout preventer, FEM, oil pipe defects, sealing performance, snubbing service

Address
Liangliang Dong: School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; Oil and Gas Equipment Technology, Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, PR China
Yuan Tang, Liuyang Wang: Well Control Emergency Rescue Response Center, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co. Ltd., Deyang 618300, PR China

Abstract
In this paper, the impact on seismic performance of an economical effective technique for retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) columns using high-strength steel strips under high axial compression ratios was presented. The experimental program included a series of cyclic loading tests on one nonretrofitted control specimen and three retrofitted specimens. The effects of the axial compression ratio and spacing of the steel strips on the cyclic behavior of the specimens were studied. Based on the test results, the failure modes, hysteretic characteristics, strength and stiffness degradation, displacement ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens were analyzed in-depth. The analysis showed that the transverse confinement provided by the high-strength steel strips could effectively delay and restrain diagonal crack development and improve the failure mode, which was flexural-shear failure controlled by flexural failure with better ductility. The specimens retrofitted using high-strength steel strips showed more satisfactory seismic performance than the control specimen. The seismic performance and deformation capacity of the retrofitted RC columns increased with decreasing axial compression ratio and steel strip spacing. Based on the test results, a hysteretic model for RC columns that considers the transverse confinement of high-strength steel strips was then established. The hysteretic model showed good agreement with the experimental results, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed hysteretic model. Therefore, the aforementioned analysis can be used for the design of retrofitted RC columns.

Key Words
cyclic behavior; high-strength steel strips; hysteretic model; RC columns; retrofitting

Address
Yong Yang, Yunlong Yu: School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China; Key Lab of Structural Engineering and Earthquake Resistance, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
Ning Hao, Yicong Xue, Shiqiang Feng, Shuchen Zhang: School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China

Abstract
This paper examines the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under fatigue loading. Experiments were carried out on concrete beams of size 1500x200x100 mm reinforced with 10 mm and 13 mm diameter GFRP bars under fatigue loading. Experimental investigations revealed that fatigue loading affects both strength and serviceability properties of GFRP reinforced concrete. Experimental results indicated that (i) the concrete beams experienced increase in deflection with increase in number of cycles and failed suddenly due to snapping of rebars and (ii) the fatigue life of concrete beams drastically decreased with increase in stress level. Analytical model presented a procedure for predicting the deflection of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars under cyclic loading. Deflection of concrete beams was computed by considering the aspects such as stiffness degradation, force equilibrium equations and effective moment of inertia. Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was performed on concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. Appropriate constitutive relationships for concrete and GFRP bars were considered in the numerical modelling. Concrete non linearity has been accounted through concrete damage plasticity model available in ABAQUS. Deflection versus number of cycles obtained experimentally for various beams was compared with the analytical and numerical predictions. It was observed that the predicted values are comparable (less than 20% difference) with the corresponding experimental observations.

Key Words
analytical model; concrete; deflection; fatigue; finite element analysis; GFRP bar; number of cycles

Address
A. Ramachandra Murthy, P. Gandhi, D.M. Pukazhendhi, F. Giftson Samuel and S. Vishnuvardhan: CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai, 600113, India

Abstract
This paper discussed and analyzed the interfacial stress distribution characteristic of adjacent cracks in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plate strengthened concrete slabs. One un-strengthened concrete test beam and four CFRP platestrengthened concrete test beams were designed to carry out four-point flexural tests. The test data shows that the interfacial shear stress between the interface of CFRP plate and concrete can effectively reduce the crack shrinkage of the tensile concrete and reduces the width of crack. The maximum main crack flexural height in pure bending section of the strengthened specimen is smaller than that of the un-strengthened specimen, the CFRP plate improves the rigidity of specimens without brittle failure. The average ultimate bearing capacity of the CFRP-strengthened specimens was increased by 64.3% compared to that without CFRP-strengthen. This indicites that CFRP enhancement measures can effectively improve the ultimate bearing capacity and delay the occurrence of debonding damage. Based on the derivation of mechanical analysis model, the calculation formula of interfacial shear stress between adjacent cracks is proposed. The distributions characteristics of interfacial shear stress between certain crack widths were given. In the intermediate cracking region of pure bending sections, the length of the interfacial softening near the mid-span cracking position gradually increases as the load increases. The CFRP-concrete interface debonding capacity with the larger adjacent crack spacing is lower than that with the smaller adjacent crack spacing. The theoretical calculation results of interfacial bonding shear stress between adjacent cracks have good agreement with the experimental results. The interfacial debonding failure between adjacent cracks in the intermediate cracking region was mainly caused by the root of the main crack. The larger the spacing between adjacent cracks exists, the easier the interfacial debonding failure occurs.

Key Words
CFRP-strengthened, crack, debonding failure, interface softening, interfacial shear stress

Address
Xin Yuan, Hongyu Bai, Qinqing Li, Yanfeng Song: School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 1701 Binhe Road, Suzhou, 215011, China; Technology Industrialization and Research Center of Ecological Road Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 1701 Binhe Road, Suzhou, 215011, China
Chen Sun: School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, P.R. China

Abstract
A high-performance reactive powder concrete (RPC) has been readied alongside river sand, with 1.25 mm particle size when under the condition of 80C steam curing. As a heat and sound insulation, expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) provides economic advantages in building. Concrete containing EPA is examined in terms of cement types (CEM II 32.5R and CEM I 42.5R), doses (0, 2%, 4% and 6%) as well as replacement rates in this research study. The compressive and density of concrete were used in the testing. At the end of the 28-day period, destructive and nondestructive tests were performed on cube specimens of 150 mm150 mm150 mm. The concrete density is not decreased with the addition of more perlite (from 45 to 60 percent), since the enlarged perlite has a very low barrier to crushing. To get a homogenous and fluid concrete mix, longer mixing times for all the mix components are necessary due to the higher amount of perlite. As a result, it is not suggested to use greater volumes of this aggregate in RPC. In the presence of de-icing salt, the lightweight RPC exhibits excellent freeze-thaw resistance (mass is less than 0.2 kg/m2). The addition of perlite strengthens the aggregate-matrix contact, but there is no apparent ITZ. An increased compressive strength was seen in concretes containing expanded perlite powder and steel fibers with good performance.

Key Words
compressive strength; expanded glass aggregate; lightweight concrete; perlite powder

Address
Gongxing Yan: School of Intelligent Construction, Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
Mohammed Zuhear Al-Mulali: Building & Construction Engineering Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
Amirhossein Madadi: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Francis College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
Ibrahim Albaijan: Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
H. Elhosiny Ali: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
H. Algarni: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Binh Nguyen Le: Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Hamid Assilzadeh: Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India

Abstract
Modal parameters are the main dynamic characteristics of bridge. This study aims to propose an innovative route to estimate the modal parameters for bridges by using a parked vehicle in which mode shapes with high accuracy and spatial resolution are identified by frequency measurement. Based on the theory of dynamic modification and modal identification, the mathematical formulation between the parked mass induced frequency variation and the modal parameters of a bridge is derived. Then this mathematical formulation is extended to a parked vehicle-bridge system. The arithmetic and processes for estimating the modal parameters based on the identified frequency variation of the vehicle-bridge systems when the vehicle locates at sequentially arranged positions are presented. Finally the proposed method is applied to several simulated bridges of different types. The results indicate that it can estimate the modal parameters with high accuracy and efficiency.

Key Words
dynamic modification, frequency variation, mass-normalized mode shape, modal identification, parked vehicle-bridge system

Address
Wen-Yu He, Quan Wang, Zuo-Cai Wang: Department of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Infrastructural Safety Inspection and Monitoring, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China
Wei-Xin Ren: College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518061, China

Abstract
In this article, we present torsion-bending analysis of a composite FGM beam with an open section, according to the advanced and refined theory of 1D / 3D beams based on the 3D Saint-Venant's solution and taking into account the edge effects. The (initially one-dimensional) model contains a set of three-dimensional (3D) displacement modes of the cross section, reflecting its 3D mechanical behaviour. The modes are taken into account depending on the mechanical characteristics and the geometrical form of the cross-section of the composite FGM beam. The model considered is implemented on the CSB (Cross-Section and Beam Analysis) software package. It is based on the RBT/SV theory (Refined Beam Theory on Saint-Venant principle) of FGM beams. The mechanical and physical characteristics of the FGM beam continuously vary, depending on a power-law distribution, across the thickness of the beam. We compare the numerical results obtained by the three-beam theories, namely: The Classical Beam Theory of Saint-Venant (Classical Beam Theory CBT), the theory of refined beams (Refined Beam Theory RBT), and the theory of refined beams, using the higher (high) modes of distortion of the cross-section (Refined Beam Theory using distorted modes RBTd). The results obtained confirm a clear difference between those obtained by the three models at the level of the supports. Further from the support, the results of RBT and RBTd are of the same order, whereas those of CBT remains far from those of higher-order theories. The 3D stresses, strains and displacements, obtained by the present study, reflect the 3D behaviour of FGM beams well, despite the initially 1D nature of the problem. A validation example also shows a very good agreement of the proposed models with other models (classical or higher-order beam theory) and Carrera Unified Formulation 1D-beam model with Lagrange Expansion functions (CUF-LE).

Key Words
distortional mode; FGM; refined beam theory; Saint-Venant solution; torsion-bending

Address
Ilies Guendouz, Hamza Guenfoud, Mohamed Guenfoud: Civil Engineering and Hydraulic Laboratory, 8 Mai 1945 University of Guelma, Algeria
Mourad Khebizi: Department of Civil Engineering. Mentouri University of Constantine, Algeria
Rached El Fatmi: National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia


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