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CONTENTS
Volume 29, Number 4, November25 2018
 


Abstract
There are presently two general ways of accounting for hazardous metal creep in structural fire analyses: either we incorporate creep strains implicitly in hardening model ('explicit-creep' plasticity) or we account for creep explicitly ('explicit-creep' plasticity). The first approach is simpler and usually used for fast engineering applications, e.g., following proposals of EN 1993-1-2. Prioritizing this approach without consideration of its limitations, however, may lead to significant error. So far the possible levels of such error have been demonstrated by few researchers for individual structural elements (i.e., beams and columns). This paper, however, presents analyses also for selected beam-girder assemblies. Special numerical models are developed correspondingly and they are validated and verified. Their important novelty is that they do not only account for creep in individual members but also for creep in between-member connections. The paper finally shows that outside the declared applicability limits of the implicit-creep plasticity models, the failure times predicted by the applied alternative explicit-creep models can be as much as 40% shorter. Within the limits, however, the discrepancies might be negligible for majority of cases with the exception of about 20% discrepancies found in one analysed example.

Key Words
steel structures; fire; creep; fin plate connections; restrained beams

Address
(1) Peter Češarek:
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Jamova 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
(2) Miha Kramar:
ZAG - Slovenian National building and Civil Engineering Institute, Section for Metal, Timber and Polymeric Structures, Dimičeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
(3) Jerneja Kolšek:
ZAG - Slovenian National building and Civil Engineering Institute, Fire Laboratory and Fire Engineering, Dimičeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Abstract
A bridge comprising of two girders, such as a twin steel box-girder bridge, is classified as fracture critical (i.e., nonredundant). In this study, the various bridge components of the twin steel box-girder bridge are investigated to determine if these could be utilized to improve bridge redundancy. Detailed finite-element (FE) models, capable of simulating prominent failure modes observed in a full-scale bridge fracture test, are utilized to evaluate the contributions of the bridge components on the ultimate behavior and redundancy of the bridge sustaining a fracture on one of its girders. The FE models incorporate material nonlinearities of the steel and concrete members, and are capable of capturing the effects of the stud connection failure and railing contact. Analysis results show that the increased tensile strength of the stud connection and (or) concrete strength are effective in improving bridge redundancy. By modulating these factors, redundancy could be significantly enhanced to the extent that the bridge may be excluded from its fracture critical designation.

Key Words
bridge safety; redundancy; ultimate capacity; bridge collapse; composite bridge

Address
(1) Janghwan Kim:
Dealim Industrial Corporation Ltd., Seoul 03152, Republic of Korea;
(2) Seong-Hoon Kee:
Department of Architectural Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 121-791, Republic of Korea;
(3) Heejung Youn:
Department of Civil Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea;
(4) Dae Young Kim:
Department of Architectural Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 130-743, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
This paper presents some quasi-static tests for 4 mixed columns composed of CFST column and RC column. The seismic performance and failure mode were studied under low-cyclic revised loading. The failure mode was observed under different axial compression ratios. The hysteretic curve and skeleton curve were obtained. The effects of axial compression ratio on yield mechanism, displacement ductility, energy dissipation, stiffness and strength attenuation were analyzed. The results indicate that the failure behavior of CFST-RC mixed column with archaized style is mainly caused by bending failure and accompanied by some shear failure. The axial compression ratio performs a control function on the yielding order of the upper and lower columns. The yielding mechanism has a great influence on the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of specimens. Based on the experiment, finite element analysis was made to further research the seismic performance by ABAQUS software. The variable parameters were stiffness ratio of upper and lower columns, axial compression ratio, yielding strength of steel tube, concrete strength and rebar ratio. The simulation results show that with the increase of stiffness ratio of the upper and lower columns, the bearing capacity and ductility of specimens can correspondingly increase. As the axial compression ratio increases, the ductility of the specimen decreases gradually. The other three parameters both have positive effect on the bearing capacity but have negative effect on the ductility. The results can provide reference for the design and engineering application of mixed column consisted of CFST-RC in Chinese archaized buildings.

Key Words
mixed column composed of CFST-RC; archaized buildings; experimental research; seismic performance; finite element analysis

Address
College of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.


Abstract
The use of external carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates is one of the most effective techniques existing for the confinement of circular concrete specimens. Currently, several researches have been made to develop models for predicting the ultimate conditions of this type of confinement. As most of the major existing models were developed based on limited experimental database. This paper presents the development of new confinement ultimate conditions, strength and strain models, for concrete cylinders confined with CFRP composites based on a statistical analysis of a large existing experimental database of 310 cylindrical concrete specimens wrapped with CFRP. The database is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed and major existing strength and strain models. Based on the two different statistical indices, the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the two proposed confinement ultimate conditions presents a good performance compared to the major existing models except the models of Lam and Teng (2003) and Youssef et al. (2007) which have relatively similar performance to the proposed models.

Key Words
concrete cylinders; CFRP; strength model; strain model; confinement

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Structures, Geotechnics and Risks (LSGR), Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria, BP 151, Hay Essalam, UHB Chlef, Chlef (02000), Algeria.


Abstract
Timoshenko beam model is widely exploited in the literature to examine the mechanical behavior of stubby beam-like components. Timoshenko beam theory is well-known to require the shear correction factor in order to recognize the non-uniform shear distribution at a section. While a variety of shear correction factors are appeared in the literature so far, there is still no consensus on the most appropriate form of the shear correction factor. The Saint-Venant's flexure problem is first revisited in the frame work of the classical theory of elasticity and a highly accurate approximate closed-form solution is presented employing the extended Kantorovich method. The resulted approximate solution for the elasticity field is then employed to introduce two shear correction factors consistent with the Cowper's and energy approaches. The mathematical form of the proposed shear correction factors are then simplified and compared with the results available in the literature over an extended range of Poisson's and aspect ratios. The proposed shear correction factors do not exhibit implausible issue of negative values and do not result in numerical instabilities too. Based on the comprehensive discussion on the shear correction factors, a piecewise definition of shear correction factor is introduced for rectangular cross-sections having excellent agreement with the numerical results in the literature for both shallow and deep cross-sections.

Key Words
Saint-Venant's flexure problem; shear correction factors; Timoshenko beam theory; semi-inverse method; Extended Kantorovich method

Address
(1) Saeed H. Moghtaderi, S. Ali Faghidian:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
(2) Hossein M. Shodja:
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;
(3) Hossein M. Shodja:
Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Free vibration analysis of super-elliptical composite thin plates was investigated. Plate is formed by symmetrical quasi-isotropic laminates. Rayleigh-Ritz method was used for parametric analysis based on the governing differential equations of Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT). Simply supported and clamped boundary conditions at the periphery of plates were considered. Parametric study was performed for the effect of different lamination type, aspect ratio, thickness and super-elliptical power on natural frequencies. Convergence study and validation of isotropic case were achieved. A number of design parameters like different dimensions, structure systems, panel sizes, panel thicknesses, lamination sequences, boundary conditions and loading conditions must be considered in the production of composite ships. The number of possible combinations practically may be so high that a parametric study should be carried out in order to determine the optimum design parameters rapidly during the preliminary design stage. The use of Rayleigh-Ritz method could make this parametric study possible. Thereby it might be decreasing the consumption of time, material and labor. Certain results for some different super-elliptical powers presented in tabulated form in Appendix for designers as well.

Key Words
super-elliptical composite thin plates; free vibration; parametric study; Rayleigh-Ritz method

Address
Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, Baku Bulvari 100, TR-35340, ĺzmir, Turkey.


Abstract
The direct strength method adopted by the AISI Standard and AS/NZS 4600 is an advanced design method meant to substitute the effective width method for the design of cold-formed steel structural members accounting for local instability of thin plate elements. It was proven that the design strength formula for the direct strength method could predict the ultimate strength of medium strength steel welded section compressive and flexural members with local buckling reasonably. This paper focuses on the modification of the direct strength formula for the application to high strength and high performance steel welded section columns which have the nominal yield stress higher than 460 MPa and undergo local buckling, overall buckling or their interaction. The resistance of high strength steel welded H and Box section columns calculated by the proposed direct strength formulae were validated by comparison with various compression test results, FE results, and predictions by existing specifications.

Key Words
Direct Strength Method; high strength steel; high performance steel; welded section columns; ultimate strength; buckling interaction

Address
(1) Jong Yoon Choi:
Structural Division, Dae Han Concultants Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea;
(2) Young Bong Kwon:
Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
The paper presents the study on a change in modal parameters and structural stiffness of cable-stayed Fiberline Bridge made entirely of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite used for 20 years in the fjord area of Kolding, Denmark. Due to this specific location the bridge structure was subjected to natural aging in harsh environmental conditions. The flexural properties of the pultruded GFRP profiles acquired from the analyzed footbridge in 1997 and 2012 were determined through three-point bending tests. It was found that the Young's modulus increased by approximately 9%. Moreover, the influence of the temperature on the storage and loss modulus of GFRP material acquired from the Fiberline Bridge was studied by the dynamic mechanical analysis. The good thermal stability in potential real temperatures was found. The natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes of the bridge for its original state were evaluated through the application of the Finite Element (FE) method. The initial FE model was created using the real geometrical and material data obtained from both the design data and flexural test results performed in 1997 for the intact composite GFRP material. Full scale experimental investigations of the free-decay response under human jumping for the experimental state were carried out applying accelerometers. Seven natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes and damping ratios were identified. The numerical and experimental results were compared. Based on the difference in the fundamental natural frequency it was again confirmed that the structural stiffness of the bridge increased by about 9% after 20 years of service life. Data collected from this study were used to validate the assumed FE model. It can be concluded that the updated FE model accurately reproduces the dynamic behavior of the bridge and can be used as a proper baseline model for the long-term monitoring to evaluate the overall structural response under service loads. The obtained results provided a relevant data for the structural health monitoring of all-GFRP bridge.

Key Words
GFRP bridge structure; finite element analysis; free-decay vibration; dynamic characteristics; dynamic mechanical analysis; structural stiffness

Address
Department of Roads and Bridges, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Opole University of Technology, 45-061 Opole, Katowicka 48 Street, Poland.


Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the flexural behavior of precast concrete (PC) wall – steel shoe composite assemblies with various dry connection details at mid-span. Flexural tests were performed for five scenarios. Test parameters included the width of test specimens, arrangement of steel shoe connectors, and use of structural adhesive or waterproof tape at the mid-span joint. The test results showed that the PC wall – steel shoe composite assemblies joined at mid-span showed flexural damage patterns combined with rotational deformation, and the structural performance was satisfactory regardless of the arrangement of steel shoe connectors. Considering the two deformation components (flexural deformation by bending and rotational deformation due to joint opening), a theoretical model was proposed to analyze flexural strength and joint opening, and the simple model gave good predictions with acceptable accuracy.

Key Words
precast concrete wall; steel shoe; composite assemblies; mid-span joint; dry connection; flexural strength; joint opening

Address
(1) Xiangguo Wu, Xinlei Xia, Jingcheng Han:
Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China;
(2) Thomas H.-K. Kang:
Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering at Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
(3) Chang-Soo Kim:
School of Architecture, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.

Abstract
Cylindrical shell structures buckle at service loads which are much lower than their associated theoretical buckling loads. The main source of this discrepancy is the presence of various imperfections which are created on the cylinder body during different processes as manufacturing, handling, assembling and machining. Many cylindrical shell structures are still designed against buckling based on the experimental data introduced by NASA SP-8007 as conservative lower bound curves. This study employed the numerical based Linear Buckling mode shape Imperfection (LBMI) method and modified it using a stochastic method to assess the effect of geometrical imperfections in more details on the buckling of cylindrical shells with and without the cutout. The comparison of results with those obtained from the numerical Simcple Perturbation Load Imperfection (SPLI) method for cylinders with and without cutout revealed a good correlation. The effect of two parameters of size and number of cutouts on the buckling load was investigated using the linear buckling and Modified LBMI methods. Results confirmed that in cylinders with a small cutout inserting geometrical imperfection using either SPLI or modified LBMI methods significantly reduced the value of the predicted buckling load. However, in cylinders with larger cutouts, the effect of the cutout is dominant, thus considering geometrical imperfection had a minor effect on the buckling loads predicted by both SPLI and modified LBMI methods. Furthermore, the modified LBMI method was employed to evaluate the combination effect of cutout numbers and size on the buckling load. It is shown that in small cutouts, an increasing in the cutout size up to a certain value resulted in a remarkable reduction of the buckling load, and beyond that limit, the buckling loads were constant against D/R ratios. In addition, the cutout number shows a more significant effect on decreasing the buckling load at small D/R ratios than large D/R ratios.

Key Words
buckling; composite; cylindrical shell; multiple cutout; geometric imperfections

Address
School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.



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