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CONTENTS
Volume 34, Number 3, February10 2020
 


Abstract
The loss of composite action at the hogging moment zone for a continuous composite girder reduces the girder stiffness and strength. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) slab at the hogging moment zone and a normal concrete (NC) slab at the sagging moment zone. The testing was conducted to verify the level of loading at which composite action is maintained at the hogging moment zone. Four two-span continuous composite girders were tested. The thickness of the UHPC varied between a half and a full depth of slab. The degree of shear connection at the hogging moment zone varied between full and partial. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the UHPC slab to enhance the girder stiffness and maintain the composite action at the hogging moment zone at a load level much higher than the upper service load limit. To a lesser degree enhanced performance was also noted for the smaller thickness of the UHPC slab and partial shear connection at the hogging moment zone. Plastic analysis was conducted to evaluate the ultimate capacity of the girder which yielded a conservative estimation. Finite element (FE) modeling evaluated the girder performance numerically and yielded satisfactory results. The results indicated that composite action at the hogging moment zone is maintained for the degree of shear connection taken as 50% of the full composite action and use of UHPC as half depth of slab thickness.

Key Words
ultra-high performance concrete; composite action; continuous composite girders; finite element model; plastic analysis

Address
Alfarabi M. Sharifa, Nizar A. Assi and Mohammed A. Al-Osta: Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
In the past, many efficient profiles have been developed for cold-formed steel (CFS) members by judicious intermediate stiffening of the cross-sections, and they have shown improved structural performance over conventional CFS sections. Most of this research work was based on numerical modelling, thus lacking any experimental evidence of the efficiency of these sections. To fulfill this requirement, experimental studies were conducted in this study, on efficient intermediately stiffened CFS sections in flexure, which will result in easy and simple fabrication. Two series of built-up sections, open sections (OS) and box sections (BS), were fabricated and tested under four-point loading with same cross-sectional area. Test strengths, modes of failure, deformed shapes, load vs. mid-span displacements and geometric imperfections were measured and reported. The design strengths were quantified using North American Standards and Indian Standards for cold-formed steel structures. This study confirmed that efficient profiling of CFS sections can improve both the strength and stiffness performance by up to 90%. Closed sections showed better strength performance whereas open sections showed better stiffness performance.

Key Words
cold-formed steel; efficient profiling; experiment; flexural members; built-up section; buckling; strength

Address
M. Adil Dar: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
N. Subramanian: Consulting Engineer, Maryland, USA
Mir Atif and A.R. Dar: Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K, India
M. Anbarasu: 4Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering Salem, Tamilnadu, India
James B.P. Lim: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Abstract
The objective of this study is to experimentally scrutinize the axial performance of built-up concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns composed of steel plates. In this case, the main parameters cross section types, compressive strength of filled concrete, and the effect of welding lines. Welded built-up steel box columns are fabricated by connecting two pieces of cold-formed U-shaped or four pieces of L-shaped thin steel plates with continuous penetration groove welding line located at mid-depth of stub column section. Furthermore, traditional square steel box sections with no welding lines are investigated for the comparison of axial behavior between the generic and build-up cross sections. Accordingly, 20 stub columns with thickness and height of 2 and 300 mm have been manufactured. As a result, welding lines in built-up specimens act as stiffeners because have higher strength and thickness in comparison to the plates. Subsequently, by increasing the welding lines, the load bearing capacity of stub columns has been increased in comparison to the traditional series. Furthermore, for specimens with the same confinement steel tubes and concrete core, increment of B/t ratio has reduced the ductility and axial strength.

Key Words
welded built-up; CFT; cold-formed; welding lines; ductility

Address
Morteza Naghipour and Ghazaleh Yousofizinsaz: Department of Civil, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Mahdi Shariati: Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam


Abstract
This paper presents a free vibration analysis of shell panels made of functionally graded material (FGM) in the form of the ordinary and sandwich FGM and laminated shells using the isogeometric B3-spline finite strip method (IG-SFSM). B3-spline and Lagrangian interpolation are employed along the longitudinal and transverse directions respectively in this type of finite strip. The introduced finite strip formulation is based on the degenerated shell method, which provides variable thickness, arbitrary geometries, and analysis of thin or thick shells. Validity of the obtained natural frequencies by IG-SFSM is checked by comparison with results extracted from references for similar cases in different examples. These examples incorporate several geometries, materials, boundary conditions, and continuous thickness variation. A comparison of these two kinds of results and their proximity showed that the introduced IG-SFSM is a reliable tool which can be used in analysis of shells with the aforementioned properties.

Key Words
isogeometric B3-spline finite strip; natural frequencies; sandwich FGM and laminated shell panels; degenerated shell; variable thickness; arbitrary geometries; free vibration

Address
Mohammad Amin Shahmohammadi, Mojtaba Azhari and Mohammad Mehdi Saadatpour: Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, P.O. Box 84156-83111

Abstract
A concrete filled steel tube (CFT) column with stiffeners has preferable behavior subjected to axial loading condition due to delay local buckling of the steel wall than traditional CFT columns without stiffeners. Welding lines in welded built-up steel box columns is expected to behave as longitudinal stiffeners. This study has presented a numerical investigation into the behavior of built-up concrete filled steel tube columns under axial pressure. At first stage, a finite element model (FE) has been built to simulate the behavior of built-up CFT columns. Comparing the results of FE and test has shown that numerical model passes the desired conditions and could accurately predict the axial performance of CFT column. Also, by the raise of steel tube thickness, the load bearing capacity of columns has been increased due to higher confinement effect. Also, the raise of concrete strength with greater cross section is led to a higher load bearing capacity compared to the steel tube thickness increment. In CFT columns with greater cross section, concrete strength has a higher influence on load bearing capacity which is noticeable in columns with more welding lines.

Key Words
built-up CFT; welding lines; stiffeners; FEM; strength

Address
Mahdi Shariati: 1Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science,
Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Morteza Naghipour, Ghazaleh Yousofizinsaz and Nima Pahlavannejad Tabarestani: Department of Civil, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Ali Toghroli: Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam


Abstract
The braced tube frame system, a combination of perimeter frame and bracing frame, is one of the systems used in tall buildings. Due to the implementation of this system in tall buildings and the high rigidity resulting from the use of general bracing, providing proper ductility while maintaining the strength of the structure when exposing to lateral forces is essential. Also, the high stress at the connection of the beam to the column may cause a sudden failure in the region before reaching the required ductility. The use of Reduced Beam Section connection (RBS connection) by focusing stress in a region away from beam to column connection is a suitable solution to the problem. Because of the fact that RBS connections are usually used in moment frames and not tested in tall buildings with braced tube frames, they should be investigated. Therefore, in this research, three tall buildings in height ranges of 20, 25 and 30 floors were modeled and designed by SAP2000 software, and then a frame in each building was modeled in PERFORM-3D software under two RBS-free system and RBS-based system. Nonlinear time history dynamic analysis is used for each frame under Manjil, Tabas and Northridge excitations. The results of the Comparison between RBS-free and RBS-based systems show that the RBS connections increased the absorbed energy level by reducing the stiffness and increasing the ductility in the beams and structural system. Also, by increasing the involvement of the beams in absorbing energy, the columns and braces absorb less energy.

Key Words
tall building; braced tube frame; energy absorption; RBS connections

Address
Mahdi Shariati: 1Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science,
Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
ostafa Ghorbani, Morteza Naghipour and Nasrollah Alinejad: Department of Civil, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Ali Toghroli: Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam


Abstract
In the optimized structure sizing, the optimization methods are inserted in this context in order to obtain satisfactory solutions, which can provide more economical structures, besides allowing the consideration of the factors related to the environmental impacts in the structural design. This work proposes a mathematical model for the optimization of steel-concrete composite beams aiming to minimize the monetary cost and the environmental impact, using the Harmonic Search optimization method. Discrete variables were the dimensions of the steel profiles and the thickness of the collaborating slab of the composite steel-concrete beam. The proposed model was implemented in Fortran programming language and based on improvements in the structure of the optimization method proposed by Medeiros and Kripka (2017). To prove the effectiveness and applicability of the model, as well as the Harmonic Search method, analyzes were performed with different configurations of steel-concrete composite beams, in order to provide guidelines that make the use of these systems more streamlined. In general, the Harmonic Search optimization method has proved to be efficient in the search for the optimized solutions, as well as important considerations on the optimization of the monetary and environmental costs of steel-concrete composite beams were obtained from the developed examples.

Key Words
optimization; steel–concrete composite beams; Harmonic Search; composite beams

Address
Andréia Fátima Tormen, Zacarias Martin Chamberlain Pravia, Fernando Busato Ramires and Moacir Kripka: University of Passo Fundo, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering,
BR 285, km 292, Campus I, São José, zip code 99052-900, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil


Abstract
In the recent years, steel box girder bridges have been extensively used due to high bending stiffness, torsional rigidity, and rapid construction. Therefore, researches related to this girder bridge have been widely conducted. This paper investigates the effect of residual stresses and geometric imperfections on the load-carrying capacity of steel box girder bridges spanning 30 m and 50 m. A three – dimensional finite element model of the steel box girder with a closed section was developed and analyzed using ABAQUS software. Nonlinear inelastic analysis was used to capture the actual response of the girder bridge accurately. Based on the results of analyses, the superimposed mode of webs and flanges was recommended for considering the influence of initial geometric imperfections of the steel box model. In addition, 4% and 16% strength reduction rates on the load – carrying capacity of the perfect structural system were respectively recommended for the girders with compact and non-compact sections, whose designs satisfy the requirements specified in AASHTO LRFD standard. As a consequence, the research results would help designers eliminate the complexity in modeling residual stresses and geometric imperfections when designing the steel box girder bridge.

Key Words
residual stress; geometric imperfection; steel box girder; nonlinear inelastic analysis; ABAQUS

Address
Eun-Ji Jo1a and Seung-Eock Kim: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
Viet Vu: Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam

Abstract
Within the French CIFRE research project COMINO, an innovative type of composite beam was developed for buildings that need fire resistance with no additional supports in construction stage. The developed solution is composed of a steel U-shaped beam acting as a formwork in construction stage for a reinforced concrete part that provides the fire resistance. In the exploitation stage, the steel and the reinforced concrete are acting together as a composite beam. This paper presents the investigation made on the load bearing capacity of this new developed steel-concrete composite section. A full-scale test has been carried out at the Laboratory of Structural Engineering of the University of Luxembourg. The paper presents the configuration of the specimen, the fabrication process and the obtained test results. The beam behaved compositely and exhibited high ductility and bending resistance. The shear connection in the tension zone was effective. The beam failed by a separation between the slab and the beam at high deformations, excessive shear forces conducted to a failure of the stirrups in this zone. The test results are then compared with good agreement to analytical methods of design based on EN 1994 and design guidelines are given.

Key Words
composite beam; U-shaped steel section; connection in tension zone; flexural test; failure mechanism; ultimate bending resistance

Address
Maxime Turetta: Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, L-1359 Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg;
Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France;
Research and Valorisation Direction, CTICM – Centre Technique Industriel de la Construction Métallique, F-91190 Saint-Aubin, France
Christoph Odenbreit: Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, L-1359 Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg
Abdelouahab Khelil: Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
Pierre-Olivier Martin: Research and Valorisation Direction, CTICM – Centre Technique Industriel de la Construction Métallique, F-91190 Saint-Aubin, France


Abstract
Influences of different variables that affect the effective flexural rigidity of reinforced concrete (RC) members are not considered in the most seismic codes. Furthermore, in the last decades, the application of steel fibers in concrete matrix designs has been increased, requiring development of an accurate analytical procedure to calculate the effective flexural rigidity of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) members. In this paper, first, a nonlinear analytical procedure is proposed to calculate the SFRC members\' effective flexural rigidity. The proposed model\'s accuracy is confirmed by comparing the results obtained from nonlinear analysis with those recorded from the experimental testing. Then a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of different parameters such as varying axial load and steel fiber are then investigated through moment-curvature analysis of various SFRC (normal-strength concrete) sections. The obtained results show that increasing the steel fiber volume percentage increases the effective flexural rigidity. Also it\'s been indicated that the varying axial load affects the effective flexural rigidity. Lastly, proper equations are developed to estimate the effective flexural rigidity of SFRC members.

Key Words
effective flexural rigidity; SFRC members; varying axial load; fiber method analysis

Address
Habib Akbarzadeh Bengar and Mohammad Asadi Kiadehi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
Javad Shayanfar: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, guimaraes, Portugal
Maryam Nazari: Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA


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