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CONTENTS
Volume 38, Number 2, January25 2021
 


Abstract
Ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) encased steel columns are receiving growing interest in high-rise buildings owing to their economic and architectural advantages. However, UHSC encased steel columns are not covered by the modern fire safety design code. A total of 14 fire tests are conducted on UHSC (120 MPa) encased steel columns under constant axial loads and exposed to ISO-834 standard fire. The effect of load ratio, slenderness, stirrup spacing, cross-section size and concrete cover to core steel on the fire resistance and failure mode of the specimens are investigated. The applicability of the tabulated method in EC4 (EN 1994-1-2-2005) and regression formula in Chinese code (DBJ/T 15-81-2011) to fire resistance of UHSC encased steel columns are checked. Generally, the test results reveal that the vertical displacement-heating time curves can be divided into two phases, i.e. thermal expansion and shortening to failure. It is found that the fire resistance of column specimens increases with the increase of the cross-section size and concrete cover to core steel, but decreases with the increase of the load ratio and slenderness. The EC4 method overestimates the fire resistance up to 186% (220 min), while the Chinese code underestimates it down to 49%. The Chinese code has a better agreement than EC4 with the test results since the former considers the effect of the load ratio, slenderness, cross section size directly in its empirical formula. To estimate the fire resistance precisely can improve the economy of structural fire design of ultra-high strength concrete encased steel columns.

Key Words
concrete encased steel column; ultra-high strength concrete; ISO-834 fire; failure mode; fire resistance; design code

Address
Yong Du: College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China;
International Centre of Integrated Protection Research of Engineering Structures, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Huikai Zhou: College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
Jian Jiang: School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
J.Y. Richard Liew: College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China;
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore

Abstract
In the present paper we have investigated the Stoneley wave propagation at the interface of two dissimilar homogeneous nonlocal magneto-thermoelastic media under the effect of hall current applied to multi-dual-phase lag heat transfer. The secular equations of Stoneley waves have been derived by using appropriate boundary conditions. The wave characteristics such as attenuation coefficients, temperature distribution and phase velocity are computed and have been depicted graphically. Effect of nonlocal parameter and hall effect are studied on the attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, temperature distribution change, stress component and displacement component. Also, some particular cases have been discussed from the present study.

Key Words
thermoelasticity; Nonlocality; hall current; rotation; Stoneley wave; phase velocity; attenuation coefficient; stress component; displacement component

Address
Parveen Lata: Department of Basic and applied Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, India
Sukhveer Singh: Punjabi University APS Neighbourhood Campus, Dehla Seehan, India

Abstract
During the pipe forming process, a steel plate undergoes inelastic behavior multiple times under a load condition repeating tension and compression in the circumferential direction. It derives local reduction or increase of yield strength within the thickness of steel pipes by the plastic hardening and Bauschinger effect. In this study, a combined hardening model is proposed to effectively predict variations of yield strength in the circumferential direction of API-X65 and X70 steel pipes with relatively low t/D ratio during the forming process, which is expected to experience accumulated plastic strain of 2~3%, the typical Lüder band range in a low-carbon steel. Cyclic tensile tests of API-X65 and X70 steels were performed, and the parameters of the proposed model for the steels were calibrated using the test results. Bending–flattening tests to simulate repeated tension and compression during pipe forming were followed for API-X65 and X70 steels, and the results were compared with those by the proposed model and Zou et al. (2016), in order to verify the process of material model calibration based on tension–compression cyclic test, and the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, parametric analysis for the yield strength of the steel plate in the circumferential direction of UOE pipe was conducted to investigate the effects of t/D and expansion ratios after O-forming on the yield strength. The results confirmed that the model by Zou et al. (2016) underestimated the yield strength of steel pipe with relatively low t/D ratio, and the parametric analysis showed that the t/D and expansion ratio have a significant impact on the strength of steel pipe.

Key Words
Bauschinger effect; combined hardening model; multi-layer history; steel pipe; t/D ratio

Address
Jungho Kim and Junho Song: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
Soo-Chang Kang: Steel Structure Research Group, POSCO, 100 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
Jin-Kook Kim: Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology,
232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea


Abstract
Existing research on confined concrete filled steel tubular (CCFT) columns has been mainly focused on static or cyclic loading. In this paper, square section CCFT and CFT columns were tested under both static and impact loading, using a 10,000 kN capacity compression test machine and a drop weight testing equipment. Research parameters included bonded and unbonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps, with carbon, basalt and glass FRPs (or CFRP, BFRP, and GFRP), respectively. Time history curves for impact force and steel strain observed are discussed in detail. Experimental results show that the failure modes of specimens under impact testing were characterized by local buckling of the steel tube and cracking at the corners, for both CCFT and CFT columns, similar to those under static loading. For both static and impact loading, the FRP wraps could improve the behavior and increase the loading capacity. To analyze the dynamic behavior of the composite columns, a finite element, FE, model was established in LS-DYNA. A simplified method that is compared favorably with test results is also proposed to predict the impact load capacity of square CCFT columns.

Key Words
CCFT = confined concrete filled steel tube; CFT = concrete filled steel tube; CFRP = carbon fiber reinforced polymer; BFRP = basalt fiber reinforced polymer; GFRP = glass fiber reinforced polymer; LS-DYNA

Address
Yitian Zhang: Hunan Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Changsha, China;
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Bo Shan: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Thomas H.K. Kang: Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea
Yan Xiao: Zhejiang University – University of Illinois Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, China

Abstract
The effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on the elastic properties of a polymer-based nanocomposite was experimentally investigated and the obtained results were compared with various existing theoretical models. The nanocomposite was consisted of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as polymeric matrix and 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt.% multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared using twin screw extruder and injection molding technique. Nanocomposite samples were molded in injection apparatus according to ASTM-D638 standard. Therefore, in addition to morphological investigations of the samples, tensile tests at ambient temperature were performed on each sample and stress-strain plots, elastic moduli, Poisson's ratios, and strain energies of volume units were extracted from primary strain test results. Tensile test results demonstrated that 1 wt.% nanoparticles presented the best reinforcement behavior in HDPE-MWCNT nanocomposites. Due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles at above 1 wt.%, Young' s modulus, yielding stress, fracture stress, and fracture energy were decreased and Poisson's ratio and failure strain were increased.

Key Words
high density polyethylene; multi walled carbon nanotubes; elastic properties; experimental investigation

Address
A.M. Fattahi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Babak Safaei: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
Zhaoye Qin and Fulei Chu: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

Abstract
An analytical solution is presented to analyze the thermoelastoplastic response of a rotating thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel made of functionally graded material (FGM). The analysis is based on Tresca's yield condition, its associated flow rule and linear strain hardening material behaviour. The uncoupled theory of thermoelasticity is used, and the plane strain condition is assumed. The material properties except for Poisson's ratio, are assumed to vary nonlinearly in the radial direction. Elastic, partially plastic, fully plastic, and residual stress states are investigated. The heat conduction equation for the one-dimensional problem in cylindrical coordinates is used to obtain temperature distribution in the vessel. It is assumed that‏ the inner surface is exposed to an airstream and that the outer surface is exposed to a uniform heat flux. Tresca's yield criterion and its associated flow rule are used to formulate six different plastic regions for a linearly hardening‏ condition. All these stages are studied in detail. It is shown that the thermoelastoplastic stress response of a rotating FGM pressure vessel is affected significantly by the nonhomogeneity of the material and temperature gradient. The results are validated with those of other researchers for appropriate values of the system parameters and excellent agreement is observed.

Key Words
thermoelastoplastic; thick cylinder; pressure vessel; rotating; Functionally Graded Material (FGM); Linearly hardening

Address
Tayebeh Ebrahimi, Mohammad Zamani Nejad and
Hamid Jahankohan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
Amin Hadi: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the deformation in a homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic solid using modified couple stress theory subjected to ramp-type thermal source with two temperature. The advantage of this theory is the involvement of only one material length scale parameter which can determine the size effects. Laplace and Fourier transform technique is applied to obtain the solutions of the governing equations. The components of displacement, conductive temperature, stress components and couple stress are obtained in the transformed domain. A numerical inversion technique has been used to obtain the solutions in the physical domain. The effect of two temperature is depicted graphically on the resulted quantities. Numerical results show that the proposed model can capture the size effects of microstructures.

Key Words
modified couple stress theory; two temperature; isotropic solid; ramp type heat; Laplace and Fourier transform; multi-dual-phase-lag heat

Address
Parveen Lata and Harpreet Kaur: Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Abstract
This paper presents the analytical modeling and finite element (FE) analysis, using ABAQUS software, of the new types of steel reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (SRLAC) columns with cross-shaped (+shaped and X-shaped) steel section, using proposed three analytical and two FE models in total. The stress-strain material models for different components in the columns, including the confined zones of the lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) using three and four concrete zones divisions approaches and with and without taking into account the stirrups reaction effect, are established first. The analytical models for determining the axial load-deformation behavior of the SRLAC columns are drawn based on the materials models. The analytical and FE models' results are compared with previously reported test results of the axially loaded SRLAC columns. The proposed analytical and FE models accurately predict the axial behavior and capacities of the new types of SRLAC columns with acceptable agreements for the load-displacement curves. The LWAC strength, steel section ratio, and steel section configuration affect the contact stress between the concrete and steel sections. The average ratios of the ultimate test load to the three analytical models and FEA model loads, Put /Pa1, Put /Pa2, Put /Pa3, and Put /PFE1, for the tested specimens are 0.96, 1.004, 1.016, and 1.019, respectively. Finally, the analytical parametric studies are also studied, in terms of the effects of confinement, LWAC strength, steel section ratio, and the reinforcement ratio on the axial capacity of the SRLAC column. When concrete strength, confinements, area of steel sections, or reinforcement bars ratio increased, the axial capacities increased.

Key Words
analytical modeling; steel reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (SRLAC) column; confinement effect; FE analysis; design methods

Address
Mostafa M. A. Mostafa: Structural Engineering Department, School of Civil Engineering, Chang


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