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CONTENTS
Volume 9, Number 3, September 2015
 


Abstract
A new method is presented to recover missing deformation data of lateral walls of foundation pit when the monitoring is interrupted; the method is called Dynamic Mathematical Model - Parameter Interpolation. The deformation of lateral walls of foundation pit is mainly affected by the type of supporting structure and the situation of constraints, therefore, this paper mainly studies the two different kinds of variation law of deep horizontal displacement when the lateral walls are constrained or not, proposes two dynamic curve models of normal distribution type and logarithmic type, deals with model parameters by interpolating and obtains the parameters of missing data, then missing monitoring data could be Figured out by these parameters. Compared with the result from the common average method which is used to recover missing data, in the upper 2/3 of the inclinometer tube, the result by using this method is closer to the actual monitoring data, in the lower 1/3 part of the inclinometer tube, the result from the common average method is closer to the actual monitoring data.

Key Words
foundation pit; deep horizontal displacement; dynamic mathematical model; parameter interpolation; data recovery

Address
School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China


Abstract
The ultimate bearing capacity and failure mechanism of square footings resting on a sand layer over clay soil have been investigated numerically by performing a series of three-dimensional non-linear finite element analyses. The parameters investigated are the thickness of upper sand layer, strength of sand, undrained shear strength of lower clay and surcharge effect. The results obtained from finite element analyses were compared with those from previous design methods based on limit equilibrium approach. The results proved that the parameters investigated had considerable effect on the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mechanism occurring. It was also shown that the thickness of upper sand layer, the undrained shear strength of lower clay and the strength of sand are the most important parameters affecting the type of failure will occur. The value of the ultimate bearing capacity could be significantly different depending on the limit equilibrium method used.

Key Words
square footing; bearing capacity; layered soils; finite element; numerical analysis

Address
Civil Engineering Department, Erciyes University, 38039, Talas/Kayseri, Turkey.

Abstract
In the present study, a CPT-based p-y analysis method was proposed for offshore mono-piles embedded in sands. Static and cyclic loading conditions were both taken into account for the proposed method. The continuous soil profiling capability of CPT was an important consideration for the proposed method, where detailed soil profile condition with depth can be readily incorporated into the analysis. The hyperbolic function was adopted to describe the non-linear p-y curves. For the proposed hyperbolic p-y relationship, the ultimate lateral soil resistance pu was given as a function of the cone resistance, which is directly introduced into the analysis as an input data. For cyclic loading condition, two different cyclic modification factors were considered and compared. Case examples were selected to check the validity of the proposed CPT-based method. Calculated lateral displacements and bending moments from the proposed method were in good agreement with measured results for lateral displacement and bending moment profiles. It was observed the accuracy of calculated results for the conventional approach was largely dependent on the selection of friction angle that is to be adopted into the analysis.

Key Words
p-y curve; cone penetration tests; laterally loaded piles; beam on elastic foundation; lateral load transfer analysis

Address
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
Cratering tests in rock are generally carried out to identify its fragmentation characteristics. The test results can be used to estimate the minimum amount of explosives required for the target volume of rock fragmentation. However, it is not easy to perform this type of test due to its high cost and difficulty in securing the test site with the same ground conditions as the site where blasting is to be performed. Consequently, this study investigates the characteristics of rock fragmentation by using the hydrocode in the platform of AUTODYN. The effectiveness of the numerical models adopted are validated against several cratering test results available in the literature, and the effects of rock mass classification and ground formation on crater size are examined. The numerical analysis shows that the dimension of a crater is increased with a decrease in rock quality, and the formation of a crater is highly dependent on a rock of lowest quality in the case of mixed ground. It is expected that the results of the present study can also be applied to the estimation of the level and extent of the damage induced by blasting in concrete structures.

Key Words
crater; rock mass; strength; explosive blasting; dynamic analysis; AUTODYN

Address
(1) Seokwon Jeon, Tae-Hyun Kim:
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea;
(2) Kwang-Ho You:
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Suwon, San 2-2 Wau-ri Bongdam-eup, Hwaseung-si 445-743, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
Wave equation analysis programs (WEAP) such as GRLWEAP and TNOWave were primarily developed for pre-driving analysis. They can also be used for post-driving measurement applications with some refinements. In the case of pre-driving analysis, the programs are used for the purpose of selecting the right equipment for a given ground condition and controlling stresses during pile driving processes. Recently, the program is increasingly used for the post-driving measurement application, where an assessment based on a variety of input parameters such as hammer, driving system and dynamic behaviour of soil is carried out. The process of this type of analysis is quite simple and it is performed by matching accurately known parameters, such as from CAPWAP analysis, to the parameters used in GRLWEAP analysis. The parameters that are refined in the typical analysis are pile stresses, hammer energy, capacity, damping and quakes. Matching of these known quantities by adjusting hammer, cushion and soil parameters in the wave equation program results in blow counts or sets and stresses for other hammer energies and capacities and cushion configuration. The result of this analysis is output on a Bearing Graph that establishes a relationship between ultimate capacity and net set per blow. A further application of this refinement method can be applied to the assessment of dynamic formulae, which are extensively used in pile capacity calculation during pile driving process. In this paper, WEAP analysis is carried out to establish the relationship between the ultimate capacities and sets using the various parameters and using this relationship to recalibrate the dynamic formula. The results of this analysis presented show that some of the shortcoming of the dynamic formula can be overcome and the results can be improved by the introduction of a correction factor.

Key Words
dynamic formula; wave equation analysis; piles dynamic analysis; energy formula

Address
School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 376-392 Swanston Street Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Abstract
In this paper, a refined exponential shear deformation theory for free vibration analysis of functionally graded beam with considering porosities that may possibly occur inside the functionally graded materials (FGMs) during their fabrication. For this purpose, a new displacement field based on refined shear deformation theory is implemented. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the beam without using shear correction factors. Based on the present refined shear deformation beam theory, the equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. The rule of mixture is modified to describe and approximate material properties of the FG beams with porosity phases. The accuracy of the present solutions is verified by comparing the obtained results with the existing solutions. Illustrative examples are given also to show the effects of varying gradients, porosity volume fraction, aspect ratios, and thickness to length ratios on the free vibration of the FG beams.

Key Words
functionally graded beam; shear deformation theory; porosity; vibration

Address
(1) Lazreg Hadji, T. Hassaine Daouadji:
Université Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78 Zaaroura, 14000 Tiaret, Algérie;
(2) Lazreg Hadji, T. Hassaine Daouadji, E. Adda Bedia:
Laboratoire des Matériaux & Hydrologie, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000 Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeéie.

Abstract
Comprehensive results from cyclic plate loading at a diameter of 300 mm supported by layers of geocell are presented. The plate load tests were performed in a test pit measuring 2000

Key Words
cyclic loading; multiple geocell layers; pavement foundation; residual and resilient deformations

Address
(1) Omid Khalaj, Bohuslav Mašek:
The Research Centre of Forming Technology, University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic;
(2) Seyed Naser Moghaddas Tafreshi:
Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;
(3) Andrew R. Dawson:
Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Abstract
Three different applications for monitoring displacements in underground structures using a BOTDR-based distributed optical fiber strain sensing system are presented. These applications are related to the strain measurements of (1) instrumented PVC tube designed to be attached to tunnel side wall and ceiling as a sensor; (2) rock bolts for tunnels; and (3) shotcrete lining under loading. The effectiveness of using the proposed strain sensing system is evaluated by carrying out laboratory tests, in-situ measurements, and numerical simulations. The results obtained from this validation process provide confidence that the optical fiber is able to quantify strain fields under a variety of loading conditions and consequently use this information to estimate the behavior of rock mass during mining activity. As the measuring station can be located as far as 1 km of distance, these alternatives presented may increase the safety of the mine during mining process and for the personnel doing the measurements on the field.

Key Words
displacement sensors; mining; tunnels; instrumentation; optical fiber

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago 8370449, Chile.


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