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CONTENTS
Volume 14, Number 1, January 2023
 


Abstract
Driven by the scaling down of transistor node technology, graphene became of interest to many researchers following the success of its fabrication as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). However, during the fabrication of GNRs, it is not uncommon to have defects within the GNR structures. Scaling down node technology also changes the modelling approach from the classical Boltzmann transport equation to the quantum transport theory because the quantum confinement effects become significant at sub-10 nanometer dimensions. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Stone-Wales defects on the electronic properties of GNRs using a tight-binding model, based on Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) via numeric computation methods using MATLAB. Armchair and zigzag edge defects are also implemented in the GNR structures to mimic the practical fabrication process. Electronic properties of pristine and defected GNRs of various lengths and widths were computed, including their band structure and density of states (DOS). The results show that Stone-Wales defects cause fluctuation in the band structure and increase the bandgap values for both armchair GNRs (AGNRs) and zigzag GNRs (ZGNRs) at every simulated width. In addition, Stone-Wales defects reduce the numerical computation DOS for both AGNRs and ZGNRs. However, when the lengths of the structures increase with fixed widths, the effect of the Stone-Wales defects become less significant.

Key Words
AGNR; band structure; Green's Function DOS; Stone-Wales defect; ZGNR

Address
M.W. Chuan, S.Z. Lok, A. Hamzah, N.E. Alias, S. Mohamed Sultan, C.S. Lim and M.L.P Tan: Faculty of Electrical Engineering Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have recognized a promising drug carriers in many diseases. These nanoparticles could carry anti-inflammatory drugs in the case of muscle injury and for fatigue relief. On the other hand, specific surface of this kind of nanoparticles could be critical in amount of drug they could carry. Therefore, in this study, we explore different methodology and influencing parameters on the specific surface of gold nanoparticles. After specifying the main parameters, different machine learning and artificial neural network are adopted to model the effects of different parameters. Furthermore, response surface methodology is utilized to obtain a quadrilateral relationship between different parameters and specific surface. The results indicate that concentration of the gold salt solution is the most important parameter in increasing the size of gold nanoparticle and, as a consequence, increasing specific surface. Moreover, the ability of gold nanoparticles in prolonging retention of the drugs is discussed in detail.

Key Words
drug delivery; fatigue relief; gold nano-particle; machine learning; muscle injury; nano-medicine

Address
Zicheng Wang, Yanqing Liu and Dai Liu: Department of TCM, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China

Haibo Wang and Mengying Lv: Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China

Niuniu Yang: Department of TCM, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China/ Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China


Abstract
This article investigates the energy harvesting characteristics of a magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cantilever beam reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) under transverse vibration. To this end, the well-known lumped parameter model is used to represent the coupled multiphysics problem mathematically. The proposed system consists of the MEE-CNT layer on top and an inactive substrate layer at the bottom. The substrate is considered to be made of either an isotropic or composite material. Basic laws such as Gauss's Law, Newton's Law and Faraday's Law are used to arrive at the governing equations. Surface electrodes across the beam are used to harvest the electric potential produced, together with a wound coil, for the generated magnetic potential. The influence of various distributions of the CNT and its volume fraction, substrate material, length-to-thickness ratio, and thickness ratio of substrate to MEE layer on the energy harvesting behaviour is thoroughly discussed. Further, the effect of external resistances and changes in substrate material on the response is analysed and reported. The article aims to explore smart material-based energy harvesting systems, focusing on their behaviour when reinforced with carbon nanotubes. The results of this study may lead to an improved understanding of the design and analysis of CNT-based smart structures.

Key Words
carbon nanotube; coupled response; energy harvester; magneto-electro-elastic; volume fractions

Address
Arjun Siddharth Mangalasseri and Dineshkumar Harursampath: Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore – 560012, India

Vinyas Mahesh and Sathiskumar A Ponnusami: Department of Engineering, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom

Sriram Mukunda: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560064, India

Vishwas Mahesh: Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore – 560012, India/ Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur – 572103, India

Abdelouahed Tounsi: YFL (Yonsei Frontier Lab), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea/ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia/ Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria

Abstract
This paper aimed to investigate the nonclassical size dependent free vibration behavior of regularly squared cutout viscoelastic nanobeams. The nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory is modified and adopted to incorporate the viscoelasticity effect. The Kelvin Voigt viscoelastic model is adopted to model the linear viscoelastic constitutive response. To explore the influence of shear deformation effect due to cutout, both Euler Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams theories are considered. The Hamilton principle is utilized to derive the dynamic equations of motion incorporating viscoelasticity and size dependent effects. Closed form solutions for the resonant frequencies for both perforated Euler Bernoulli nanobeams (PEBNB) and perforated Timoshenko nanobeams (PTNB) are derived considering different boundary conditions. The developed procedure is verified by comparing the obtained results with the available results in the literature. Parametric studies are conducted to show the influence of the material damping, the perforation, the material and the geometrical parameters as well as the boundary and loading conditions on the dynamic behavior of viscoelastic perforated nanobeams. The proposed procedure and the obtained results are supportive in the analysis and design of perforated viscoelastic NEMS structures.

Key Words
closed form solutions; nonlocal strain gradient viscoelasticity; shear deformation; size dependent effect; viscoelastic cutout nanobeams

Address
Rabab A. Shanab and Norhan A. Mohamed: Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt

Mohamed A. Eltaher: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Alaa A. Abdelrahman: Mechanical Design and Production Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt

Abstract
Economic investigation is one of the main issues regarding the design and production of small-scale structures. This paper concerns the creation, implementation, and economic aspects of the cross-section profile of small-scale structures regarding the dynamic response of the free and forced vibration behavior of spinning nanoscale beams based on big data analysis. According to the financial analysis, the three practical non-uniform functions of cross-sections are compared to the uniform beam in the same weight and the equal material used. The previous studies reported that the uniform beams are more stable and contain a better frequency response based on the mechanical analysis. Still, concerning the economic investigation, which means the considered structures should have equal length and have the same weight in the aspect of material used, the conclusion can be different from the mechanical aspect. Consequently, in the current paper, the dynamic response along with computer technology as well as the big data analysis of the free and forced vibration of the nanobeam regarding the economic shape of the cross-section is scrutinized.

Key Words
economic analysis; economy model; optimization; vibration analysis

Address
Lunan Li: Deparment of Information and Business Management, Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China

Allam Maalla: School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and business, Guangzhou 510850, Guangdong, China

Abstract
In this work, the effect of the addition of Aerosil 200, an insulating resin applied in many industries, on the water absorption of cement plast mixture has been experimentally evaluated. First, the preparation stages of cement plast mixture was evaluated based on corresponding standards and then, the effect of the addition of Aerosil 200 nanoparticles (NPs) to cement plast mixtures with sand weight percentage range of 0-0.1% on the variation of water absorption properties was evaluated based on National Standard Institution of Iran 20185 for Concrete Flooring Blocks – Requirements and Test Procedures. Based on the obtained results, it could be found that excessive addition of NPs did not affect the physical properties of the final product. Water absorption percentage was increased in the weight percentage of cement. By the increase of the amount of Aerosil 200 NPs in the prepared cement plast mixture, the percentage of water absorption in weight percentage of sand was decreased. Cement plast with NPs presented significantly lower water absorption than that without NPs.

Key Words
aerosil nanoparticles; cement plast; water absorption property; weight ratio

Address
A.M. Fattahi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Babak Safaei: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey/ Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2006, South Africa

Elham Moaddab: Seraj Institute of Higher Education, Tabriz, Iran

Zahra Pezeshki: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey

Abstract
This research aims to explore the influence of early entrepreneurial education on cognitive and non-cognitive abilities of male sixth-grade primary school pupils using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. A total of 45 students were randomly allocated to experimental, active-control, and control groups using a multi-stage random selection procedure. The experimental group was taught entrepreneurship using the Bizworld entrepreneurship education package. The active control group did not get entrepreneurship education but was instructed on a non-entrepreneurship-related issue (hygiene). The Control group received no instruction. The findings revealed that early entrepreneurial education skills impacted non-cognitive abilities (such as risk-taking propensity, creativity, self-efficacy, persistence, and need for achievement). Early entrepreneurship education seems to be an effective technique for developing childrens non-cognitive abilities in the late years of primary school. As a result, entrepreneurship education may be taught in primary schools, emphasizing the development of non-cognitive abilities, which will affect childrens' individual, educational, social, and vocational futures and can have long-term advantages for students, families, and society.

Key Words
bizworld; creativity; early entrepreneurship education; non-cognitive skills; self-efficacy

Address
Zhaojun Pang: School of Education, Xi'an Fanyi University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China

Heng Zhang: College of innovation and entrepreneurship, Xi'an Fanyi University, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China

Abstract
Recent developments in the synthesis of nanomagnesia of controlled sizes and shapes that are suitable for various applications are reviewed. Two main methods, based on liquid-phase synthesis, i.e., chemical methods and bio-based methods, are used to synthesize nanomagnesia. Conventionally, nanomagnesia was synthesized by chemical methods such as co-precipitation, sol-gel, combustion method, and so on using different chemical agents and stabilizers which later on become responsible for several biological risks because of the toxicity of used chemicals. Bio-based protocols are growing as another environmental friend method for the synthesis of various nanostructures especially nanomagnesia using biomass, plant extracts, alga, and fungi as a source of precursor material. The ideal method should offer better control of textural properties of nanostructures and decrease the necessity for purification of the synthesized nanoproducts, which sequentially removes the use of large amounts of chemicals and organic solvents and manipulation of products that are unsafe to the environment. Finally, the broad applicability of nanomagnesia in diverse areas is presented. Employment of nanomagnesia reported in several laboratory and industrial fields are valued from the standpoint of the significance of these issues for technological requests, as described in the literature. Nanomagnesia has various applications such as antimicrobial performance, removing pollutants, batteries application, and catalysis.

Key Words
agricultural waste; biological method; magnesium oxide; nanomaterials; wet chemical method

Address
Hanie Abdollahzade: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Asghar Zamani: Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran/ Nanotechnology Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran


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