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Editors-in-Chief Prof. Alexandros - Dimitrios G. Tsonos Dept. of Civil Eng. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Prof. Keh-Chyuan Tsai Dept. of Civil Eng. National Taiwan University, Taiwan Prof. Halil Sezen Dept. of Civil Environ. Geodetic Eng. The Ohio State University, USA Associate Editor Prof. Deuckhang (DK) Lee Dept. of Architect. Eng. Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Korea
Managing Editor Prof. Chang-Koon Choi Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng. KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea SCOPUS SCIE (Impact factor : 1.4) ISSN:2092-7614(Print), ISSN:2092-7622(Online) Vol.24/25 (12 issues) for 2023, Monthly

Hybrid Open Access journal: there is an Optional Open Access Fee of USD 895.

For correspondence: eas@techno-press.com

Aims and Scope

The Earthquakes and Structures, An International Journal, focuses on the effects of earthquakes on civil engineering structures. The journal will serve as a powerful repository of technical information and will provide a highimpact publication platform for the global community of researchers in the traditional, as well as emerging, subdisciplines of the broader earthquake engineering field. Specifically, some of the major topics covered by the Journal include: .. characterization of strong ground motions, .. quantification of earthquake demand and structural capacity, .. design of earthquake resistant structures and foundations, .. experimental and computational methods, .. seismic regulations and building codes, .. seismic hazard assessment, .. seismic risk mitigation, .. site effects and soil-structure interaction, .. assessment, repair and strengthening of existing structures, including historic structures and monuments, and .. emerging technologies including passive control technologies, structural monitoring systems, and cyberinfrastructure tools for seismic data management, experimental applications, early warning and response

Editorial Board
Prof. Stavros A. Anagnostopoulos University of Patras 26500, Patras, GREECE Prof. A. Benavent-Climent University of Granada Granada E-18071, Spain Prof. Rita Bento Instituto Superior Tecnico 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Prof. Shuenn-Yih Chang Nat'l Taipei Univ. of Tech. Taipei 106, Taiwan Prof. C.C. Chou National Taiwan University Taipei 10764, Taiwan Prof. Nawawi Chouw University Auckland Auckland 1010, New Zealand Prof. M.C. Constantinou University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260, USA Prof. Rajesh Dhakal University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800, New Zealand Prof. Aurelio Ghersi University of Catania Catania 95100, Italy Prof. Russell A. Green Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA Prof. Jason Ingham University of Auckland Auckland 1010, New Zealand Prof. R.S. Jangid Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai 400076, India Prof. R. Jankowski Gdansk University of Technology 80-233 Gdansk, Poland Prof. H.J. Jung Korea Adv Inst of Sci & Tech Daejeon 34141, Korea Prof. Theodore L. Karavasilis University of Warwick Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK Prof. Christos G. Karayannis Democritus University of Thrace Xanthi 671, Greece Prof. George P. Mavroeidis University of Notre Dame IN 46556, USA	Prof. Byungmin Kim UNIST 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan, Korea Prof. Petros Komodromos University of Cyprus Nicosia 1678, Cyprus Prof. S. Lagomarsino University of Genova Genova I-16145, Italy Prof. Nelson Lam The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia Prof. H.S. Lee Korea University Seoul 136-701, Korea Prof. Chunxiang Li Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China Prof. Dimitrios G. Lignos McGill University Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada Prof. Jerome P. Lynch University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA Prof. C.S. Manohar Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012, India Prof. G. Manolis Aristotle University Thessaloniki 54124, Greece Prof. Angelo Masi University of Basilicata Potenza, Italy Prof. Fabio Mazza University of Calabria Rende 87036, Italy Prof. Jason P. McCormick University of Michigan MI 48109-2125, USA Prof. Yuji Miyamoto Osaka University Osaka 565-0871, Japan Prof. Fabrizio Mollaioli Sapienza University of Rome Rome 00197, Italy Prof. Lei Wang Changsha University of Science and Technology Hunan 410114, China Prof. Kristel Meza Fajardo BRGM 45100 Orleans, France	Prof. Sung-Woo Moon Nazarbayev University Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan Prof. Naohiro Nakamura Hiroshima University Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan Prof. Camillo Nuti The University of Rome Three Rome 00184, Italy Prof. S.J. Pantazopoulou York University Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada Prof. Apostolos Papageorgiou University of Patras Patras 265 00, Greece Prof. Jorge Ruiz-Garcia Univ Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo Michoacan, Mexico Prof. Haluk Sucuoglu Middle East Technical University Ankara TR-06531, Turkey Dr. Timothy Sullivan University of Pavia Pavia I-27100, Italy Prof. Izuru Takewaki Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8540, Japan Prof. J.L. Tassoulas University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712-0273, USA Prof. Amador Teran-Gilmore Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City 02200, Mexico Prof. Fabio Di Trapani Politecnico di Torino 10129 Torino, Italy Prof. Thanasis Triantafillou University of Patras Patras 265 00, Greece Prof. Tomaso Trombetti University of Bologna Bologna 40136, Italy Prof. Radu Vacareanu Technical U of Civil Engineering Bucharest RO-020396, Romania Prof. Aspasia Zerva Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Prof. Serena Cattari University of Genova Genova, 16126 GE, Italy

Instructions to Authors　　　　　　　　　　　　(Last updated: Oct 25, 2023)

Introduction

This Instruction to Authors is to provide help for authors who wish to submit their papers in double column format to some Techno-Press journals. For the list of Techno-Press journals in double column format: (Journals)

1. Submission of the paper

Authors are asked to submit manuscripts in PDF (or Latex) format electronically through the Techno-Press Manuscript Upload System (TeMUS) (http://www.techno-press.com/papers). Exceptionally, the special issue papers may be directly submitted to the Guest Editor. If you have difficulties in using TeMUS, please contact us at[eas@techno-press.com]. On receiving submitted papers, the system will issue the paper ID and Password to the corresponding author, which may be conveniently used to check the status of submitted papers.

2. Preparation of the manuscript

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Please refer to Authors’ Guide(A):http://www.techno-press.com/papers/Guide(A).pdf
Template(A): http://www.techno-press.com/papers/Template(A).docx
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References : A list of references which reflect the current state of technology in the field locates after conclusions of the paper. For details to prepare the list of references and cite them in the text, authors are advised to follow the introduction and the sample list in the Authors' Guide of the instruction.

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All the submitted papers that have passed the preliminary check by the editors will undergo a rigorous peer-review process to judge their significance and originality. Those papers positively recommended by at least two expert reviewers will be finally accepted for publication in the Techno-Press Journals.

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General: Techno-Press applies research and publication ethics standards based on COPE's International Standards for Editors and Authors (https://publicationethics.org/node/11184). Violation of publication ethics will result in the activation of COPE flow chart. (https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts)
Authorship: Authors are encouraged to check ICMJE's guideline for authorship. (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf). Authorship problems will be dealt with according to COPE flowcharts. (https://publicationethics.org/authorship)

7. Open Access

There is an option of publishing your paper as Open Access. When you receive a formal acceptance email, you will find a link that you may click on to pay the Article Processing Charge (APC) for Open Access publishing.

Sample Issue

Volume 3, Number 1, January 2012

An empirical bracketed duration relation for stable continental regions of North America
Jongwon Lee and Russell A. Green
Abstract; Full Text (4962K)

Abstract
An empirical predictive relationship correlating bracketed duration to earthquake magnitude, site-to-source distance, and local site conditions (i.e. rock vs. stiff soil) for stable continental regions of North America is presented herein. The correlation was developed from data from 620 horizontal motions for central and eastern North America (CENA), consisting of 28 recorded motions and 592 scaled motions. The bracketed duration data was comprised of nonzero and zero durations. The non-linear mixed-effects regression technique was used to fit a predictive model to the nonzero duration data. To account for the zero duration data, logistic regression was conducted to model the probability of zero duration occurrences. Then, the probability models were applied as weighting functions to the NLME regression results. Comparing the bracketed durations for CENA motions with those from active shallow crustal regions (e.g. western North America: WNA), the motions in CENA have longer bracketed durations than those in the WNA. Especially for larger magnitudes at far distances, the bracketed durations in CENA tend to be significantly longer than those in WNA.

Key Words
bracketed duration; central/eastern North America ground motions; ground motion attenuation; ground motion predictive relationships; stable continental region ground motions; strong ground motion durations

Address
Jongwon Lee: Paul C. Rizzo Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA Russell A. Green: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Are theoretically calculated periods of vibration for skeletal structures error-free?
Sameh S.F. Mehanny
Abstract; Full Text (3450K)

Abstract
Simplified equations for fundamental period of vibration of skeletal structures provided by most seismic design provisions suffer from the absence of any associated confidence levels and of any reference to their empirical basis. Therefore, such equations may typically give a sector of designers the false impression of yielding a fairly accurate value of the period of vibration. This paper, although not addressing simplified codes equations, introduces a set of mathematical equations utilizing the theory of error propagation and First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) techniques to determine bounds on the relative error in theoretically calculated fundamental period of vibration of skeletal structures. In a complementary step, and for verification purposes, Monte Carlo simulation technique has been also applied. The latter, despite involving larger computational effort, is expected to provide more precise estimates than FOSM methods. Studies of parametric uncertainties applied to reinforced concrete frame bents – potentially idealized as SDOF systems – are conducted demonstrating the effect of randomness and uncertainty of various relevant properties, shaping both mass and stiffness, on the variance (i.e. relative error) in the estimated period of vibration. Correlation between mass and stiffness parameters – regarded as random variables – is also thoroughly discussed. According to achieved results, a relative error in the period of vibration in the order of 19% for new designs/constructions and of about 25% for existing structures for assessment purposes – and even climbing up to about 36% in some special applications and/or circumstances – is acknowledged when adopting estimates gathered from the literature for relative errors in the relevant random input variables.

Key Words
period of vibration; mass; stiffness; error propagation; monte carlo simulation

Address
Sameh S.F. Mehanny: Structural Engineering Department, Cairo University, Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners), Cairo, Egypt

Seismic behavior of interior RC beam-column joints with additional bars under cyclic loading
Xilin Lu, Tonny H. Urukap, Sen Li and Fangshu Lin
Abstract; Full Text (7096K)

Abstract
The behavior of beam-column joints in moment resisting frame structures is susceptible to damage caused by seismic effects due to poor performance of the joints. A good number of researches were carried out to understand the complex mechanism of RC joints considered in current seismic design codes. The traditional construction detailing of transverse reinforcement has resulted in serious joint failures during earthquakes. This paper introduces a new design philosophy involving the use of additional diagonal bars within the joint particularly suitable for low to medium seismic effects in earthquake zones. In this study, ten full-scale interior beam-column specimens were constructed with various additional reinforcement details and configurations. The results of the experiment showed that adding additional bars is a promising approach in reinforced concrete structures where earthquakes are eminent. In terms of overall cracking observation during the test, the specimens with additional bars (diagonal and straight) compared with the ones without them showed fewer cracks in the column. Furthermore, concrete confinement is certainly an important design measure as recommended by most international codes.

Key Words
reversed cyclic loading; beam-column joint; plastic hinge; additional diagonal bars; displacement ductility; column shear force; crack propagation

Address
Xilin Lu: State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Tonny H. Urukap, Sen Li and Fangshu Lin: College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Ductility inverse-mapping method for SDOF systems including passive dampers for varying input level of ground motion
Hyeong-Gook Kim, Shinta Yoshitomi, Masaaki Tsuji and Izuru Takewaki
Abstract; Full Text (5192K)

Abstract
A ductility inverse-mapping method for SDOF systems including passive dampers is proposed which enables one to find the maximum acceleration of ground motion for the prescribed maximum response deformation. In the conventional capacity spectrum method, the maximum response deformation is computed through iterative procedures for the prescribed maximum acceleration of ground motion. This is because the equivalent linear model for response evaluation is described in terms of unknown maximum deformation. While successive calculations are needed, no numerically unstable iterative procedure is required in the proposed method. This ductility inverse-mapping method is applied to an SDOF model of bilinear hysteresis. The SDOF models without and with passive dampers (viscous, viscoelastic and hysteretic dampers) are taken into account to investigate the effectiveness of passive dampers for seismic retrofitting of building structures. Since the maximum response deformation is the principal parameter and specified sequentially, the proposed ductility inverse-mapping method is suitable for the implementation of the performance-based design.

Key Words
capacity spectrum method; maximum ground acceleration; response spectrum; passive dampers; ductility inverse-mapping method; demand and capacity spectra; equivalent linear model; performance- based design

Address
Hyeong-Gook Kim, Shinta Yoshitomi, Masaaki Tsuji and Izuru Takewaki: Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

Seismic vulnerability and preservation of historical masonry monumental structures
Adem Dogangun and Halil Sezen
Abstract; Full Text (4829K)

Abstract
Seismic damage and vulnerability of five historical masonry structures surveyed after the 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce, Turkey earthquakes are discussed in this paper. The structures are located in two neighboring cities that have been struck by five very large (Ms

Key Words
seismic damage; historical Turkish mosques; masonry; deterioration; earthquake

Address
Adem Dogangun: Department of Civil Engineering, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Halil Sezen: Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA

Table of Contents.


		2024 Volume 27 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5
		2024 Volume 26 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2023 Volume 25 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2023 Volume 24 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2022 Volume 23 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2022 Volume 22 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2021 Volume 21 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2021 Volume 20 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2020 Volume 19 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2020 Volume 18 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2019 Volume 17 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2019 Volume 16 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2018 Volume 15 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2018 Volume 14 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2017 Volume 13 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2017 Volume 12 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2016 Volume 11 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2016 Volume 10 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2015 Volume 9 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2015 Volume 8 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2014 Volume 7 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2014 Volume 6 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2013 Volume 5 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2013 Volume 4 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.4 No.5 No.6
		2012 Volume 3 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.5 No.6
		2011 Volume 2 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4
		2010 Volume 1 No. 1	No.2 No.3 No.4 No.23

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https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Guidelines.

1. Authorship

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Submitted manuscripts must not have been previously published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere. No part of the accepted manuscript should be duplicated in any other journal without the permission of the Editorial Board. Submitted manuscripts are checked for possible plagiarism or duplicate publication upon the paper�셲 arrival. If plagiarism or duplicate publication is detected, the manuscripts may be rejected, the authors will be announced in the journal, and their institutions will be informed. There will also be penalties for the authors. A letter of permission is required for any and all material that has been published previously. It is the responsibility of the author to request permission from the publisher for any material that is being reproduced. This requirement applies to text, figures, and tables.

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The corresponding author must inform the editor of any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the authors�� interpretation of the data. Examples of potential conflicts of interest are financial support from or connections to companies, political pressure from interest groups, and academically related issues. In particular, all sources of funding applicable to the study should be explicitly stated.

4. Process for managing research and publication misconduct

When the journal faces suspected cases of research and publication misconduct, such as redundant publication, plagiarism, fraudulent or fabricated data, changes in authorship, undisclosed conflict of interest, ethical problems with a submitted manuscript, appropriation by a reviewer of an author�셲 idea or data, and complaints against editors, the resolution process will follow the flowchart provided by COPE, https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts.
The discussion and decision on the suspected cases are carried out by the Editorial Board.

5. Editorial responsibilities

The Editorial Board will continuously work to monitor and safeguard publication ethics:
* Guidelines for retracting articles;
* Maintenance of the integrity of academic records;
* Preclusion of business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards;
* Publishing corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed; and
* Excluding plagiarized and fraudulent data.
The editors maintain the following responsibilities:
* Responsibility and authority to reject and accept articles;
* Avoid any conflict of interest with respect to articles they reject or accept;
* Promote the publication of corrections or retractions when errors are found; and
* Preserve the anonymity of reviewers.

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