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| CONTENTS | |
| Volume 7, Number 3, June 2007 |
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- Cross-section classification of elliptical hollow sections L. Gardner and T. M. Chan
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| Abstract; Full Text (711K) . | pages 185-200. | DOI: 10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.185 |
Abstract
Tubular construction is widely used in a range of civil and structural engineering applications. To date, the principal product range has comprised square, rectangular and circular hollow sections. However, hot-rolled structural steel elliptical hollow sections have been recently introduced and offer further choice to engineers and architects. Currently though, a lack of fundamental structural performance data and verified structural design guidance is inhibiting uptake. Of fundamental importance to structural metallic design is the concept of cross-section classification. This paper proposes slenderness parameters and a system of cross-section classification limits for elliptical hollow sections, developed on the basis of laboratory tests and numerical simulations. Four classes of cross-sections, namely Class 1 to 4 have been defined with limiting slenderness values. For the special case of elliptical hollow sections with an aspect ratio of unity, consistency with the slenderness limits for circular hollow sections in Eurocode 3 has been achieved. The proposed system of cross-section classification underpins the development of further design guidance for elliptical hollow sections.
Key Words
cross-section classification; elliptical hollow sections; laboratory testing; numerical modelling; oval hollow sections; rotation capacity; slenderness limits; steel structures.
Address
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Minimum-weight design of non-linear steel frames using combinatorial optimization algorithms M. S. Hayalioglu and S. O. Degertekin
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| Abstract; Full Text (580K) . | pages 201-217. | DOI: 10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.201 |
Abstract
Two combinatorial optimization algorithms, tabu search and simulated annealing, are presented for the minimum-weight design of geometrically non-linear steel plane frames. The design algorithms obtain minimum weight frames by selecting suitable sections from a standard set of steel sections such as American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) wide-flange (W) shapes. Stress constraints of AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specification, maximum and interstorey drift constraints and size constraints for columns were imposed on frames. The stress constraints of AISC Allowable Stress Design (ASD) were also mounted in the two algorithms. The comparisons between AISC-LRFD and AISC-ASD specifications were also made while tabu search and simulated annealing were used separately. The algorithms were applied to the optimum design of three frame structures. The designs obtained using tabu search were compared to those where simulated annealing was considered. The comparisons showed that the tabu search algorithm yielded better designs with AISC-LRFD code specification.
Key Words
optimum design; tabu search; simulated annealing; steel frames; non-linear analysis; allowable stress design; load and resistance factor design.
Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey
- An analytical-numerical procedure for cracking and time-dependent effects in continuous composite beams under service load Sandeep Chaudhary, Umesh Pendharkar and A.K. Nagpal
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| Abstract; Full Text (809K) . | pages 219-240. | DOI: 10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.219 |
Abstract
An analytical-numerical procedure has been presented in this paper to take into account the non-linear effects of concrete cracking and time-dependent effects of creep and shrinkage in the concrete portion of the continuous composite beams under service load. The procedure is analytical at the element level and numerical at the structural level. The cracked span length beam element consisting of uncracked zone in middle and cracked zones near the ends has been proposed to reduce the computational effort. The progressive nature of cracking of concrete has been taken into account by division of the time into a number of time intervals. Closed form expressions for stiffness matrix, load vector, crack lengths and mid-span deflection of the beam element have been presented in order to reduce the computational effort and book-keeping. The procedure has been validated by comparison with the experimental and analytical results reported elsewhere and with FEM. The procedure can be readily extended for the analysis of composite building frames where saving in computational effort would be very considerable.
Key Words
creep; shrinkage; cracking; composite beam; closed form expressions
Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Torsional rigidity of arbitrarily shaped composite sections by hybrid finite element approach Kutlu Darllmaz, Engin Orakdogen, Konuralp Girgin and Semih Kucukarslan
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| Abstract; Full Text (628K) . | pages 241-251. | DOI: 10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.241 |
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to calculate the torsional rigidity of arbitrarily shaped composite sections on the basis of hybrid finite element approach. An analogy is used between the torsion problem and deformation of a plate which exhibits only shear behavior. In the analysis a simple hybrid finite element based on Hellinger-Reissner functional is presented and a set of numerical examples are performed to demonstrate and asses the performance of the developed element in practical applications.
Key Words
torsional rigidity; Saint-Venant\'s stress function; plate; hybrid finite element.
Address
Kutlu Darllmaz, Engin Orakdogen and Konuralp Girgin; Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
Semih Kucukarslan; Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Art & Letters, Department of Engineering Sciences, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
A methodology to design symmetrically laminated fibre-reinforced structures under transverse loads for minimum weight, with manufacturing uncertainty in the ply angle, is described. The ply angle and the ply thickness are the design variables, and the Tsai-Wu failure criteria is the design constraint implemented. It is assumed that the probability of any tolerance value occurring within the tolerance band, compared with any other, is equal, and thus the approach is a worst-case scenario approach. The finite element method, based on Mindlin plate and shell theory, is implemented, and thus effects like bending-twisting coupling are accounted for. The Golden Section method is used as the search algorithm, but the methodology is flexible enough to allow any appropriate finite element formulation, search algorithm and failure criterion to be substituted. In order to demonstrate the procedure, laminated plates with varying aspect ratios and boundary conditions are optimally designed and compared.
Key Words
design technique, manufacturing uncertainty, minimum weight, fibre-reinforced laminated structures.
Address
Centre for Advanced Materials, Design & Manufacture Research, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
