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CONTENTS
Volume 21, Number 4, July20 2016
 


Abstract
There are many studies in the literature conducted on the subject of ensuring earthquake safety of reinforced concrete and steel structures using steel braced frames, but no detailed study concerning individual behavior of steel braced frames under earthquake loads and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures with out-of-plane steel braced frames has been encountered. In this study, in order to evaluate behaviors of "Concentrically Steel Braced Frames" types defined in TEC-2007 under lateral loads, dimensional analysis of Concentrically Steel Braced Frames designed with different scales and dimensions was conducted, the results were controlled according to TEC-2007, and after conducting static pushover analysis, behavior and load capacity of the Concentrically Steel Braced Frames and hinges sequence of the elements constituting the Concentrically Steel Braced Frames were tested. Concentrically Steel Braced Frames that were tested analytically consist of 2 storey and one bay, and are formed as two groups with the scales 1/2 and 1/3. In the study, Concentrically Steel Braced Frames described in TEC-2007 were designed, which are 7 types in total being non-braced, X-braced, V- braced, Λ- braced, \\- braced, /- braced and K- braced. Furthermore, in order to verify accuracy of the analytic studies performed, the 1/2 scaled concentrically steel X-braced frame test element made up of box profiles and 1/3 scaled reinforced concrete frame with insufficient earthquake resistance were tested individually under lateral loads, and test results were compared with the results derived from analytic studies and interpreted. Similar results were obtained from both experimental studies and pushover analyses. According to pushover analysis results, load-carrying capacity of 1/3 scaled reinforced concrete frames increased up to 7,01 times as compared to the non-braced specimen upon strengthening. Results acquired from the study revealed that reinforced concrete buildings which have inadequate seismic capacity can be strengthened quickly, easily and economically by this method without evacuating them.

Key Words
concentrically steel braced frames; reinforced concrete frames; design and construction mistakes; pushover analysis; strengthening

Address
(1) Alptug Unal:
Department of Civil Engineering, Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Konya, Turkey;
(2) Mevlut Yasar Kaltakci:
Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Engineering Faculty, Gaziantep, Turkey.

Abstract
The ratcheting behavior was studied experimentally for Z2CND18.12N elbow piping under cyclic bending and steady internal pressure. Dozens of cyclic plasticity models for structural ratcheting responses simulations were used in the paper. The four models, namely, Bilinear (BKH), Multilinear (MKIN/KINH), Chaboche (CH3), were already available in the ANSYS finite element package. Advanced cyclic plasticity models, such as, modified Chaboche (CH4), Ohno-Wang, modified Ohno-Wang, Abdel Karim-Ohno and modified Abdel Karim-Ohno, were implemented into ANSYS for simulating the experimental responses. Results from the experimental and simulation studies were presented in order to demonstrate the state of structural ratcheting response simulation by these models. None of the models evaluated perform satisfactorily in simulating circumferential strain ratcheting response. Further, improvement in cyclic plasticity modeling and incorporation of material and structural features, like time-dependent, temperature-dependent, non-proportional, dynamic strain aging, residual stresses and anisotropy of materials in the analysis would be essential for advancement of low-cycle fatigue simulations of structures.

Key Words
ratcheting strain; cyclic loading; FEA; constitutive model; pressure piping

Address
(1) Xiaohui Chen:
School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
(2) Xiaohui Chen, Xu Chen:
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, China;
(3) Bingjun Gao:
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300000, China.

Abstract
In the present paper, a new high-order simple-input analytical method is used to study thick laminated composite straight tubes subjected to combined axial force, torque and bending moment. The most general displacement field of elasticity for an arbitrary laminated composite straight tube is obtained to analytically calculate stresses under combined loadings based on a layerwise method. The accuracy of the proposed method is subsequently verified by comparing the numerical results obtained using the proposed method with finite element method (FEM) and experimental data. The results show good corresponded. The proposed method provides advantages in terms of computational time compared to FEM.

Key Words
stress analysis; thick laminated composite straight tube; high-order displacement-based method; combined loadings

Address
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada.

Abstract
This paper presents the flexural behavior & ultimate strength performance of innovative light weight sandwich panels of size 3×1.2 m with two different solidity ratios viz. 0.5 and 0.33 under out of plane bending load. From the experimental studies, it is observed that the flexural strength and the stiffness are increased by about 46% and five folds for lesser solidity ratio case. From the measured strains of the shear connectors, full shear transfer between the concrete wythes is observed. The yielding occurred approximately at 4% and 0.55% of the ultimate deformation for 100 mm & 150 mm thick panels, which shows the large ductility characteristics of the panels. From the study, it is inferred that the light weight sandwich panels behave structurally in a very similar manner to reinforced concrete panels. Further from the numerical study, it is observed that the numerical values obtained by FE analysis are in good agreement with the experimental observations.

Key Words
composites; light weight sandwich panels; solidity ratio; flexural loading; experimental; finite element

Address
(1) S. Chitra Ganapathi, J. Annie Peter, N. Lakshmanan:
CSIR- SERC, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India;
(2) N.R. Iyer:
AcSIR,CSIR- SERC, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract
In this article, the problem of a two-dimensional thermoelastic half-space are studied using mathematical methods under the purview of the generalized thermoelastic theory with one relaxation time is studied. The surface of the half-space is taken to be thermally insulated and traction free. Accordingly, the variations of physical quantities due to by laser pulse given by the heat input. The nonhomogeneous governing equations have been written in the form of a vector-matrix differential equation, which is then solved by the eigenvalue approach. The analytical solutions are obtained for the temperature, the components of displacement and stresses. The resulting quantities are depicted graphically for different values of thermal relaxation time. The result provides a motivation to investigate the effect of the thermal relaxation time on the physical quantities.

Key Words
Eigenvalue approach; exact solution; Lord and Shulman theory; relaxation time; laser pulse

Address
(1) Ibrahim A. Abbas:
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts - Khulais, University Of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;
(2) Ibrahim A. Abbas:
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics Research Group (NAAM), Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;
(3) Ibrahim A. Abbas:
Department of mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt;
(4) Faris S. Alzahrani:
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
A new type of precast CFST column to RC beam braced frame is proposed in this paper. A series of shake table tests were conducted to excite a one-third scale six-story model for investigating the global seismic performance of this type of structure against earthquake actions. Particular emphasis was given to its dynamic property, global seismic responses and failure path. Correspondingly, a numerical model built on the basis of fiberbeam- element model, multi-layer shell model and element-deactivation method was developed to simulate the seismic performance of the prototype structure. Numerical results were compared with the measured values from shake table tests to verify the validity and reliability of the numerical model. The results demonstrated that the proposed novel precast CFST column to RC beam braced frame performs excellently under strong earthquake excitations; the "strong CFST column-weak RC beam" and "strong connection-weak member" anti-seismic design principles can be easily achieved; the maximum deflections of precast CFSTC-RCB braced frame satisfied the deflection limitations proposed in national code; the numerical model can properly simulate the dynamic property and responses of the precast CFSTC-RCB braced frame that are highly concerned in engineering practice.

Key Words
precast building; concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) column; reinforced concrete (RC) beam; seismic performance; nonlinear FEM analysis

Address
College of civil engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.


Abstract
This paper investigates the flexural capacity of simply supported steel-concrete composite I beam and box beam under positive bending moment through combined experimental and finite element (FE) modeling. 24 composite beams are included into the experiments and parameters including shear connection degree, transverse reinforcement ratio, section form of girder, diameter of stud and loading way are also considered and investigated. ABAQUS is employed to establish FE models to simulate the behavior of composite beams. The influences of a few key parameters, such as the shear connection degree, stud arrangement, stud diameter, beam length and loading way, on flexural capacity are discussed. In addition, three methods including GB standard, Eurocode 4, and Nie method are also used to estimate the flexural capacity of composite beams and also for comparison with experimental and numerical results. The results indicate that Nie method may provide a better estimation in comparison to other two standards.

Key Words
steel-concrete composite beam; flexural capacity; finite element; degree of shear connection

Address
(1) Jing Liu, Fa-xing Ding, Zhi-wu Yu:
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410075, P.R. China;
(2) Xue-mei Liu:
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
(3) Zhi-wu Yu:
National Engineering Laboratory for High Speed Railway Construction, Changsha, 410075, P.R. China.

Abstract
This paper investigates the static buckling behaviours of Functionally Gradient Polymeric Material (FGPM) shells in the form of hemispherical segment. A new FGPM model based on experimental was considered to investigate the buckling problem of thin-walled spherical shells loaded by the external pressure. The spherical shells were formed by FGPM which was produced adding the two types of graphite powders into epoxy resin. The graphite powders were added to the epoxy resin as volume of 3, 6, 9, and 12%. Halpin-Tsai and Paul models were used to determine the elastic moduli of the parts of FGPM. The detailed static buckling analyses were performed by using finite element method. The influences of the types and volume of graphite powders on the buckling behaviour of the FGPM structures were investigated. The buckling loads of hemispherical FGPM shells based on Halpin-Tsai and Paul models were compared with those determined from the analytical solution of non-graphite condition existing for homogeneous material model. The comparisons between these material models showed that Paul model was overestimated. Besides, the critical buckling loads were predicted. The higher critical buckling loads were estimated for the PV60/65 graphite powder due to the compatible of the PV60/65 graphite powder with resin.

Key Words
hemispherical thin shells; functionally graded polymeric materials (FGPMs); external pressure; static buckling; finite element analysis (FEA)

Address
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract
This study aims to introduce a new bracing system by which even super-wide frames with large openings can be braced. The proposed system, hereafter called Cable-Pulley Brace (CPB), is a tension-only bracing system with a rectilinear configuration. In CPB, a wire rope passes through a rectilinear path around the opening(s) and connects the lower corner of the frame to its opposite upper one. CPB is a secondary load resisting system with a nonlinear-elastic hysteretic behavior due to its initial pre-tension load. As a result, the required energy dissipation would be provided by the MRF itself, and the main intention of using CPB is to contribute to the initial and post-yield stiffness of the whole system. Using a stiffness calibration technique, optimum placement of the CPBs is discussed to yield a uniform displacement demand along the height of the structure. A displacement-based design procedure is proposed by which the MRF with CPB can be designed to achieve a uniform distribution of inter-story drifts with predefined values. Obtained results indicated that CPB leads to significant reductions in maximum and residual deformations of the MRF at the expense of minor increase in the maximum base shear and developed axial force demands in the columns. In the case of a typical 5-story residential building, compared to SMRF system, CPB system reduces maximum amounts of inter-story and residual drifts by 35% and 70%, respectively. Moreover, openings of the frame are not interrupted by the CPB. This is the most appealing feature of the proposed bracing system from architectural point of view.

Key Words
wire rope; tension-only brace; cable brace; self-centering; residual drift; optimal stiffness distribution

Address
School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In this research, buckling analysis of an embedded laminated composite plate is investigated. The elastic medium is simulated with spring constant of Winkler medium and shear layer. With considering higher order shear deformation theory (Reddy), the total potential energy of structure is calculated. Using Principle of Virtual Work, the constitutive equations are obtained. The analytical solution is performed in order to obtain the buckling loads. A detailed parametric study is conducted to elucidate the influences of the layer numbers, orientation angle of layers, geometrical parameters, elastic medium and type of load on the buckling load of the system. Results depict that the highest buckling load is related to the structure with angle-ply orientation type and with increasing the angle up to 45 degrees, the buckling load increases.

Key Words
buckling; laminated composite; Reddy theory; analytical method; elastic medium

Address
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kashan, Iran.

Abstract
Concrete Filled Fibre Reinforced Polymer Tube (CFFT) for new columns construction has attracted significant research attention in recent years. The CFFT acts as a formwork for new columns and a barrier to corrosion accelerating agents. It significantly increases both the strength capacity (Strength enhancement ratio) and the ductility (Strain enhancement ratio) of reinforced concrete columns. In this study, based on predefined selection criteria, experimental investigation results of 134 circular CFFT columns under axial compression have been compiled and analysed from 599 CFFT specimens available in the literature. It has been observed that actual confinement ratio (expressed as a function of material properties of fibres, diameter of CFFT and compressive strength of concrete) has significant influence on the strength and ductility of circular CFFT columns. Design oriented models have been proposed to compute the strength and strain enhancement ratios of circular CFFT columns. The proposed strength and strain enhancement ratio models have significantly reduced Average Absolute Error (AAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Relative Standard Error of Estimate (RSEE) and Standard Deviation (SD) as compared to other available strength and strain enhancement ratios of circular CFFT column models. The predictions of the proposed strength and strain enhancement ratio models match well with the experimental strength and strain enhancement ratios investigation results in the compiled database.

Key Words
column; CFFT; confinement ratio; strength enhancement ratio; strain enhancement ratio

Address
(1) Qasim S. Khan, M. Neaz Sheikh, Muhammad N.S. Hadi:
School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia;
(2) Qasim S. Khan:
Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (On study leave).

Abstract
The braking hose in the automotive hydraulic braking system exhibits the complicated anisotropic large deformation while its movable end is moving along the cyclic path according to the steering and bump/rebound motions of vehicle. The complicated large deformation may cause not only the interference with other adjacent automotive parts but also the durability problem resulting in the fatal microcraking. In this regard, the design of highdurable braking hose with the interference-free layout becomes a hot issue in the automotive industry. However, since it has been traditionally relied on the cost-/time-consuming trial and error experiments, the cost- and timeeffective optimum design method that can replace the experiment is highly desirable. Meanwhile, the hose deformed configuration and fatigue life are different for different hose cyclic paths, so that their characteristic investigation becomes an important preliminary research subject. As a preliminary step for developing the optimum design methodology, we in this study investigate the hose deformed configuration and the fatigue life for four representative hose cyclic paths.

Key Words
fabric braided composite hose; cyclic path; anisotropic large deformation; in-plane and out-ofplane; fatigue life

Address
(1) J.R. Cho:
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 339-701, Korea;
(2) Y.H. Kim:
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea.


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