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CONTENTS
Volume 63, Number 4, August25 2017
 

Abstract
Structural design has an imperative role in deciding the failure possibility of a Reinforced Concrete (RC) structure. Recent research works achieved the goal of predicting the structural failure of the RC structure with the assistance of machine learning techniques. Previously, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been trained supported by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to classify RC structures with reasonable accuracy. Though, keeping in mind the sensitivity in predicting the structural failure, more accurate models are still absent in the context of Machine Learning. Since the efficiency of multiobjective optimization over single objective optimization techniques is well established. Thus, the motivation of the current work is to employ a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) to train the Neural Network (NN) based model. In the present work, the NN has been trained with MOGA to minimize the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Maximum Error (ME) toward optimizing the weight vector of the NN. The model has been tested by using a dataset consisting of 150 RC structure buildings. The proposed NN-MOGA based model has been compared with Multi-layer perceptron-feed-forward network (MLPFFN) and NN-PSO based models in terms of several performance metrics. Experimental results suggested that the NN-MOGA has outperformed other existing well known classifiers with a reasonable improvement over them. Meanwhile, the proposed NN-MOGA achieved the superior accuracy of 93.33% and F-measure of 94.44%, which is superior to the other classifiers in the present study.

Key Words
genetic algorithm; classification; neural network; reinforced concrete

Address
Sankhadeep Chatterjee : Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Sarbartha Sarkar : Department of Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
Sirshendu Hore : Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Hooghly Engineering and Technology College Chinsurah, India
Nilanjan Dey : Department of Information Technology, Techno India College of Technology, West Bengal, India
Amira S. Ashour : Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt
Fuqian Shi : College of Information & Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Dac-Nhuong Le : Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam /
Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam

Abstract
This work proposes an original single variable shear deformation theory to study the buckling analysis of thick isotropic plates subjected to uniaxial and biaxial in-plane loads. This theory is built upon the classical plate theory (CPT) including the exponential function in terms of thickness coordinate to represent shear deformation effect and it involves only one governing differential equation. Efficacy of the present theory is confirmed through illustrative numerical examples. The obtained results are compared with those of other higher-order shear deformation plate theory results.

Key Words
complex single variable; buckling; plate

Address
Faiza Klouche and Lamia Darcherif : Département de Génie Civil and Travaux Publics,Université Djillali Liabès, Faculté de Technologie, Algeria
Mohamed Sekkal and Abdelouahed Tounsi : Civil Engineering Department, Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Algeria
/Département de Physique, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Département de Physique,
Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria
S.R. Mahmoud : Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
/Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sohag, Egypt

Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to study the effectiveness of anchorage on the performance of shear deficient beams externally strengthened with CFRP composites. The overall behavior of the tested beams loaded up to failure, the onset of the cracking, and crack development with increased load and ductility were described. The use of CFRP composites is an effective technique to enhance the shear capacity of RC beams by using CFRP strips anchored into the tension side and from the top by 15-34% based on the investigated variables. Bonded anchorage of CFRP strips with width of 0.1h-0.3h to the beam resulted in a decrease in average interface bond stress and an increase in the effective strain of the FRP sheet at failure, which resulted in a higher shear capacity as compared with that of the U-wrapped beams without anchorage as well as delay or mitigate the sheet debonding from the concrete surface.

Key Words
anchorage; shear behavior; RC beams; externally; strengthened; CFRP composites

Address
Rajai Z. Al-Rousan : Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

Abstract
This manuscript deals with a novel approach aimed at identifying multiple damaged sites in structural components through finite frequency changes. Natural frequencies, meant as a privileged set of modal data, are adopted along with a numerical model of the system. The adoption of finite changes efficiently allows challenging characteristic problems encountered in damage detection techniques such as unexpected comparison of possible shifted modes and the significance of modal data changes very often affected by experimental/environmental noise. The new procedure extends MDLAC and exploits parallel computing on modern multicore processors. Smart filters, aimed at reducing the potential damaged sites, are implemented in order to reduce the computational effort. Several use cases are presented in order to illustrate the potentiality of the new damage detection procedure.

Key Words
damage detection; natural frequency changes; MDLAC; parallel computing; inverse methods

Address
Arcangelo Messina and Massimo Cafaro : Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\'Innovazione, Universita del Salento, Lecce, Italy

Abstract
This paper investigates free vibration characteristics of a rotating functionally graded (FG) beam in hygro environments. In the present study, material properties of the FG beam vary continuously through thickness direction according to the power-law which approximates material properties of FG beam. The governing differential equations of motion are derived based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and using the Hamilton\'s principle which solved utilizing a semi-analytical technique called the Differential Transform Method (DTM). In order to verify the competency and accuracy of the current analysis, a comparative study with previous researches are performed and good agreement is observed. Influences of Several important parameters such as power-law exponent, hygro environment, rotational speed and slenderness ratio on natural frequencies are investigated and discussed in detail. It is concluded that these effects play significant role on dynamic behavior of rotating FG beam in the hygro environments. Numerical results are tabulated in several tables and figures that can be serving as benchmarks for future analyses of rotating FG beams in the hygro environments.

Key Words
functionally graded beams; vibration analysis; hygro-mechanical systems

Address
Javad Ehyaei, Navid Farazmandnia and Ali Jafari : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract
The present article examines the static response of multilayered magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) beam in thermal environment through finite element (FE) methods. On the basis of the minimum total potential energy principle and the coupled constitutive equations of MEE material, the FE equilibrium equations of cantilever MEE beam is derived. Maxwell\'s equations are considered to establish the relation between electric field and electric potential; magnetic field and magnetic potential. A simple condensation approach is employed to solve the global FE equilibrium equations. Further, numerical evaluations are made to examine the influence of different in-plane and through-thickness temperature distributions on the multiphysics response of MEE beam. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the effect of stacking sequence and different temperature profiles on the direct and derived quantities of MEE beam. It is believed that the results presented in this article serve as a benchmark for accurate design and analysis of the MEE smart structures in thermal applications.

Key Words
coupled properties; finite element; magneto-electro-elastic; potential, thermal loads

Address
M. Vinyas and S.C. Kattimani : Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575025, India

Abstract
During recent earthquakes, a significant number of concrete structures suffered extensive damage. Conventional reinforced concrete structures are designed for life-time safety that may see permanent inelastic deformation after severe earthquakes. Hence, there is a need to utilize adequate materials that have the ability to tolerate large deformation and get back to their original shape. Super-elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) is a smart material with unique properties, such as the ability to regain undeformed shape by unloading or heating. In this research, four different stories (three, five, seven and nine) of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings have been studied and subjected to near-field ground motions. For each building, two different types of reinforcement detailing are considered, including (1) conventional steel reinforcement (RC frame) and (2) steel-SMA reinforcement (SMA RC frame), with SMA bars being used at plastic zones of beams and steel bars in other regions. Nonlinear time history analyses have been performed by \"SeismoStruct\" finite element software. The results indicate that the application of SMA materials in plastic hinge regions of the beams lead to reduction of the residual displacement and consequently post-earthquake repairs. In general, it can be said that shape memory alloy materials reduce structural damage and retrofit costs.

Key Words
shape memory alloy material; ductility; nonlinear time history analysis; residual lateral displacement; nearfield earthquake; concrete structures

Address
M.R. Shiravand and A. Khorrami Nejad : Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
M.H. Bayanifar : Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch of Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract
Wind field in mountainous regions demonstrates unique distribution characteristic as compared with the wind field of the flat area, wind load and wind effect are the key considerations in structural design of television towers situated in mountainous regions. The television tower to be constructed is located at the top of Xiushan Mountain in Nanjing, China. In order to investigate the impact of terrain factors of hilltops on wind loads, firstly a wind tunnel test was performed for the mountainous area within 800m from the television tower. Then the tower basal forces such as bending moments and shear strength were obtained based on high frequency force balance (HFFB) test. Based on the experiments, the improved method for determining the load combinations was applied to extract the response distribution patterns of foundation internal force and peak acceleration of the tower top, then the equivalent static wind loads were computed under different wind angles, load conditions and equivalent goals. The impact of terrain factors, damping ratio and equivalent goals on the wind load distribution of a television tower was discussed. Finally the equivalent static wind loads of the television tower under the 5 most adverse wind angles and 5 most adverse load conditions were computed. The experimental method, computations and research findings provide important references for the anti-wind design of high-rise structure built on hilltops.

Key Words
terrain factors of hilltops; television tower; high-frequency force balance; wind effect; equivalent static wind loads

Address
Shitang Kea and Hao Wang : College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Yaojun Ge, Lin Zhao and Shuyang Cao : State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Abstract
Reinforced concrete core-wall structures with buckling-restrained brace outriggers are interesting systems which have the ability to absorb and dissipate energy during strong earthquakes. Outriggers can change the energy demand in a tall building. In this paper, the energy demand was studied by using the nonlinear time history analysis for the mentioned systems. First, the structures were designed according to the prescriptive codes. In the dynamic analysis, three approaches for the corewall were investigated: single plastic hinge (SPH), three plastic hinge (TPH) and extended plastic hinge (EPH). For SPH approach, only one plastic hinge is allowed at the core-wall base. For TPH approach, three plastic hinges are allowed, one at the base and two others at the upper levels. For EPH approach, the plasticity can extend anywhere in the wall. The kinetic, elastic strain, inelastic and damping energy demand subjected to forward directivity near-fault and ordinary far-fault earthquakes were studied. In SPH approach for all near-fault and far-fault events, on average, more than 65 percent of inelastic energy is absorbed by buckling-restrained braces in outrigger. While in TPH and EPH approaches, outrigger contribution to inelastic energy demand is reduced. The contribution of outrigger to inelastic energy absorption for the TPH and EPH approaches does not differ significantly. The values are approximately 25 and 30 percent, respectively.

Key Words
near-fault; earthquake; reinforced concrete wall; buckling-restrained brace; outrigger; energy

Address
Hamid Beiraghi : Department of Civil Engineering, Mahdishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahdishahr, Iran

Abstract
One of the main concerns of civil engineering researchers is developing or modifying an energy dissipation system that can effectively control structural vibrations, and keep the structural response within tolerable limits during unpredictable events like earthquakes, wind and any kind of thrust load. This article proposes a new type of mass damper system for controlling wideband earthquake vibrations, called Multiple Wall Dampers (MWD). The basic principle of the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) was used to design the proposed wall damper system. This passive energy dissipation system does not require additional mass for the damping system because the boundary wall mass of the building was used as a damper mass. The multi - mode approach was applied to determine the location and design parameters of the dampers. The dampers were installed based on the maximum amplitude of modes. To optimize the damper parameters, the multi-objective optimization Response Surface Methodology was used, with frequency response and maximum displacement as the objective functions. The obtained structural responses under different earthquake forces demonstrated that the MWD is one of the most capable tools for reducing the responses of multi-storied buildings, and this system can be practically used for new and existing building structures.

Key Words
wall damper; tuned mass damper; vibration control; multi-mode approach; earthquake; multi-storied building

Address
Mohammad Sabbir Rahman and Dookie Kim : Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea
Seongkyu Chang : Academic-Industry Cooperation Foundation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical approach is proposed for determining vibration characteristics of cracked non-uniform continuous Timoshenko beam carrying an arbitrary number of spring-mass systems. This method is based on the Timoshenko beam theory, transfer matrix method and numerical assembly method to obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. Firstly, the beam is considered to be divided into several segments by spring-mass systems and support points, and four undetermined coefficients of vibration modal function are contained in each sub-segment. The undetermined coefficient matrices at springmass systems and pinned supports are obtained by using equilibrium and continuity conditions. Then, the overall matrix of undetermined coefficients for the whole vibration system is obtained by the numerical assembly technique. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cracked non-uniform continuous Timoshenko beam carrying an arbitrary number of springmass systems are obtained from the overall matrix combined with half-interval method and Runge-Kutta method. Finally, two numerical examples are used to verify the validity and reliability of this method, and the effects of cracks on the transverse vibration mode shapes and the rotational mode shapes are compared. The influences of the crack location, depth, position of spring-mass system and other parameters on natural frequencies of non-uniform continuous Timoshenko beam are discussed.

Key Words
non-uniform Timoshenko beam; free vibration; crack; spring-mass system; numerical assembly technique

Address
Guojin Tan, Jinghui Shan, Chunli Wu and Wensheng Wang : College of Transportation, Jilin University, Renmin Street 5988, Changchun 130022, China

Abstract
Sedimentation tanks are essential structures to filter the suspended sediments in the inlet flow which are constructed at the inlet of the basins forked from rivers and irrigation canals. The larger the constructed tank, the better the sedimentation process is conducted. However, the construction and dredging costs increase. In this regard, improving the performance and sedimentation efficiency seem necessary by alternative methods. One of these effective methods is using baffle plates. Most of the studies carried out in this field are on the use of these baffles in the primary and secondary sedimentation tanks. Hence, this study is carrier out with the objective of increasing the retention efficiency in the irrigation sedimentation tanks using baffles. To reach this goal, the experiments were carried out in a flume with length 8 meters, width 0.3 meters, and height 0.5 meters, considering a sedimentation tanks with a length of 3 meters, in three different inlet concentration, three flow rates and three Froude numbers. The baffles were mounted at the bottom of the tank and the effects of the angle, height and position in the tanks were investigated. The results showed that on average, employing the baffles increased the sedimentation efficiency 5 to 6% and the highest value was obtained for angle 60 with respect to the flow direction. According to the results of this study, the most favorable height and position of these baffles were obtained to be in 40% of the depth of the flow and 50% of the length of the sedimentation tank, respectively. Also, by increasing the number of baffles, the sedimentation efficiency decreased. Regarding the sedimentation regions in this case, more than 80% of the settled sediments were observed in the middle of the tank measured from the inlet.

Key Words
sedimentation tank, retention, baffles, suspended sediments

Address
Alireza Zamani Nouri : Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran
Mohammad Mehdi Heydari : Kahana water and Wastewater Company, Iran

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