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CONTENTS
Volume 37, Number 3, November10 2020
 


Abstract
In this study a new hysteretic damper for seismic retrofit of soft-first story structures is proposed and its seismic retrofit effect is evaluated. The damper consists of one steel column member and two flexural fuses at both ends made of steel plates with reduced section, which can be placed right beside existing columns in order to minimize interference with passengers and automobiles in the installed bays. The relative displacement between the stories forms flexural plastic hinges at the fuses and dissipate seismic energy. The theoretical formulation and the design procedure based on plastic analysis is provided for the proposed damper, and the results are compared with a detailed finite-element (FE) model. In order to apply the damper in structural analysis, a macromodel of the damper is also developed and calibrated by the derived theoretical formulas. The results are compared with the detailed FE analysis, and the efficiency of the damper is further validated by the seismic retrofit of a case study structure and assessing its seismic performance before and after the retrofit. The results show that the proposed hysteretic damper can be used effectively in reducing damage to soft-first story structures.

Key Words
seismic retrofit; soft story; hysteretic dampers; seismic performance; energy dissipation device

Address
Mohammad Mahdi Javidan and Jinkoo Kim: Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Due to the unique construction method of modular steel buildings (MSBs) with units prefabricated fully off the site and assembled quickly on the site, the inter-module connection for easy operation and overall performance of the system were key issues. However, it was a lack of relevant research on the system-level performance of MSBs. This study investigated the seismic performance of two-storey modular steel structure with a proposed vertical rotary inter-module connection. Three full-scale quasi-static tests, with and without corrugated steel plate and its combination, were carried out to evaluate and compare their seismic behaviour. The hysteretic performance, skeleton curves, ductile performance, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, and deformation pattern were clarified. The results showed that good ductility and plastic deformation ability of such modular steel structures. Two lateral-force resistance mechanisms with different layout combinations were also discussed in detail. The corrugated steel plate could significantly improve the lateral stiffness and bearing capacity of the modular steel structure. The cooperative working mechanism of modules and inter-module connections was further analyzed. When the lateral stiffness of upper and lower modular structures was close, limited bending moment transfer may be considered for the inter-module connection. While a large lateral stiffness difference existed initially between the upper and lower structures, an obvious gap occurred at the inter-module connection, and this gap may significantly influence the bending moments transferred by the inter-module connections. Meanwhile, several design recommendations of inter-module connections were also given for the application of MSBs.

Key Words
modular steel structure; rotary inter-module connection; seismic performance; lateral-force resistance mechanism; deformation pattern; two-storey and full-scale experiment

Address
Zhihua Chen: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, China;
Department of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, China
Yang Liu,Jiadi Liu and Xu Zhong: Department of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, China


Abstract
The noise from the elevated lines of rail transit has become a growing problem. This paper presents a new method for the rapid prediction of the structure-borne noise from steel or composite bridges, based on the receptance and Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), which is essential to the study of the generation mechanism and the design of a low-noise bridge. First, the vertical track-bridge coupled vibration equations in the frequency domain are constructed by simplifying the rail and the bridge as an infinite Timoshenko beam and a finite Euler-Bernoulli beam respectively. Second, all wheel/rail forces acting upon the track are computed by taking a moving wheel-rail roughness spectrum as the excitation to the train-track-bridge system. The displacements of rail and bridge are obtained by substituting wheel/rail forces into the track-bridge coupled vibration equations, and all spring forces on the bridge are calculated by multiplying the stiffness by the deformation of each spring. Then, the input power to the bridge in the SEA model is derived from spring forces and the bridge receptance. The vibration response of the bridge is derived from the solution to the power balance equations of the bridge, and then the structure-borne noise from the bridge is obtained. Finally, a tri-span continuous steel-concrete composite bridge is taken as a numerical example, and the theoretical calculations in terms of the vibration and noise induced by a passing train agree well with the field measurements, verifying the method. The influence of various factors on wheel/rail and spring forces is investigated to simplify the train-track-bridge interaction calculation for predicting the vibration and noise from steel or composite bridges.

Key Words
steel/composite bridges; vibration and noise; train-track-bridge interaction; receptance; statistical energy analysis

Address
Quanmin Liu, Linya Liu and Xiaoyan Lei: MOE Engineering Research Center of Railway Environmental Vibration and Noise, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
Huapeng Chen: MOE Engineering Research Center of Railway Environmental Vibration and Noise,
East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China;
School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
Yunlai Zhou: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China



Abstract
The slim-floor solution provides an efficient alternative to the classic slab-over-beam configuration due to architectural and structural benefits. Two deficiencies can be identified in the current state-of-art: (i) the technique is limited to nonseismic applications and (ii) the lack of information on moment-resisting slim-floor beam-to-column joints. In the seismic design of framed structures, continuous beam-to-column joints are required for plastic hinges to form at the ends of the beams. The present paper proposes a slim-floor technical solution capable of expanding the current application of slim-floor joints to seismic-resistant composite construction. The proposed solution relies on a moment-resisting connection with a thick end-plate and large-diameter bolts, which are used to fulfill the required strength and stiffness characteristics of continuous connections, while maintaining a reduced height of the configuration. Considering the proposed novel solution and the variety of parameters that could affect the behavior of the joint, experimental and numerical validations are compulsory. Consequently, the current paper presents the experimental and numerical investigation of two slim-floor beam-to-column joint assemblies. The results are discussed in terms of moment-rotation curves, available rotational capacity and failure modes. The study focuses on developing reliable slim-floor beam joints that are applicable to steel building frame structures located in seismic regions.

Key Words
slim-floor beams; moment beam-to-column joints; experimental testing; FE investigation

Address
Rafaela Don and Aurel Stratan: Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University of Timisoara,Ioan Curea str., nr. 1, 300224, Timisoara, Romania
Adrian Ciutina: Department of Overland Communication Ways, Foundation & Cadastral Survey, Politehnica University of Timisoara Ioan Curea str., nr. 1A, 300223, Timisoara, Romania
Cristian Vulcu: Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University of Timisoara,
Ioan Curea str., nr. 1, 300224, Timisoara, Romania;
Institute of Steel Construction, RWTH Aachen University,
Mies-van-der-Rohe-str., 52074, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany






Abstract
In steel framed-tube structures (SFTSs), the plastic hinges at beam-ends cannot be adequately improved because of the large cross sections of spandrel beams, which results in the lower ductility and energy dissipation capacities of traditional SFTSs. To address this drawback, high-strength steel fabricated SFTSs with bolted web-connected replaceable shear links (HSFTS-SLs) have been proposed. In this system, shear links use conventional steel and are placed in the middle of the deep spandrel beams to act as energy dissipative components. In this study, 2/3-scaled HSFTS-SL specimens were fabricated, and cyclic loading tests were carried out to study the seismic performance of both specimens. The finite element models (FEMs) of the two specimens were established and the numerical results were compared with the test results. The results showed that the specimens had good ductility and energy dissipation capacities due to the reliable deformation capacities. The specimens presented the expected failure modes. Using a shorter shear link can provide a higher load-carrying capacity and initial elastic lateral stiffness but induces lower ductility and energy dissipation capacity in HSFTS-SLs. The performance of the specimens was comparable to that of the original sub-structure specimens after replacing shear links. Additionally, the expected post-earthquake recoverability and resilience of the structures could be achieved by replacing shear links. The acceptable residual interstory drift that allows for easy replacement of the bolted web-connected shear link was 0.23%. The bolted web-connected shear links had reliable hysteretic responses and deformation capacities. The connection rotation had a notable contribution to total link rotation. The results of the numerical analysis run for the proposed FEMs were consistent with the test results. It showed that the proposed FEMs could be used to investigate the seismic performance of the HSFTS-SL.

Key Words
steel framed-tube structures; bolted web-connected replaceable shear links; experiment study; seismic performance; finite element analysis

Address
Ming Lian and Mingzhou Su: School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xian 710055, China;
Key Lab of Structural Engineering and Earthquake Resistance, Ministry of Education (XAUAT), Xi'an 710055, China
Qianqian Cheng, Binlin Guan and Hao Zhang: School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xian 710055, China


Abstract
Steel plate shear wall with self-centering energy dissipation braces (SPSW-SCEDB) is a lateral force-resisting system that exhibits flag-shaped hysteretic responses, which consists of two pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation (PS-SCED) braces and a wall plate connected to horizontal boundary elements only. The present study conducted a series of cyclic tests to study the hysteretic performances of braces in SPSW-SCEDB and the effects of braces on the overall hysteretic characteristics of this system. The SPSW-SCEDB with PS-SCED braces only exhibits excellent self-centering capability and the energy loss caused by the large inclination angle of PS-SCED braces can be compensated by appropriately increasing the friction force. Under the combined effect of the two components, the SPSW-SCEDB exhibits a flag-shaped hysteretic response with large lateral resistance, good energy dissipation and self-centering capabilities. In addition, the wall plate is the primary energy dissipation component and the PS-SCED braces provide supplementary energy dissipation for system. The PS-SCED braces can provide up to 90% self-centering capability for the SPSW-SCEDB system. The compressive bearing capacity of the wall plate should be smaller than the horizontal remaining restoring force of the braces to achieve better self-centering effect of the system.

Key Words
self-centering brace; steel plate shear wall; cyclic behavior; cyclic loading test; residual drift

Address
Jia-Lin Liu and Long-He Xu: School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Zhong-Xian Li: Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety of China Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Abstract
Eight cold-formed thin-walled steel beams were performed to investigate the effect of corrosion damage on the flexural behavior of steel beams. The relationships between failure modes or load-displacement curves and corrosion degree of steel beams were investigated. A series of parametric analysis with more than forty finite element models were also performed with different corrosion degrees, types and locations. The results showed that the reduction of cross-section thickness as well as corrosion pits on the surface would lead to a decline in the stiffness and flexural capacity of steel beams, and gradually intensified with the corrosion degree. The yield load, ultimate load and critical buckling load of the corroded specimen IV-B46-4 decreased by 22.2%, 26% and 45%, respectively. The failure modes of steel beams changed from strength failure to stability failure or brittle fracture with the corrosion degree increasing. In addition, thickness damage and corrosion pits at different locations caused the degradation of flexural capacity, the worst of which was the thickness damage of compression zone. Finally, the method for calculating flexural capacity of corroded cold-formed thin-walled steel beams was also proposed based on experimental investigation and numerical analysis results.

Key Words
cold-formed; steel beam; thickness damage; corrosion pits; flexural behavior

Address
Zongxing Zhang, Shanhua Xu, Han Li, Rou Li and Biao Nie: School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, Republic of China

Abstract
One of the most common strategies for retrofitting as-built reinforced concrete (RC) columns is to enlarge the existing section through the application of a new concrete layer reinforced by both steel transverse and longitudinal reinforcements. The present study was dedicated to developing a comprehensive model to predict the seismic behavior of as-built RC jacketed columns. For this purpose, a new sectional model was developed to perform moment-curvature analysis coupled by the plastic hinge method. In this analysis-oriented model, new methodologies were suggested to address the impacts of axial, flexural and shear mechanisms, variable confining pressure, eccentric loading, longitudinal bar buckling, and varying axial load. To consider the effective interaction between core and jacket, the monolithic factor approach was adopted to extent the response of the monolithic columns to that of a respective RC jacket strengthened column. Next, parametric studies were implemented to examine the effectiveness of the main parameters of the RC jacket strategy in retrofitting as-built RC columns. Ultimately, the reliability of the developed analytical model was validated against a series of experimental results of as-built and retrofitted RC columns.

Key Words
analytical procedure; RC jacketing; nonlinear analysis; moment-curvature; stress-strain

Address
Javad Shayanfar: Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
Meysam Omidalizadeh and Mahdi Nematzadeh: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran


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