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CONTENTS
Volume 15, Number 2, August 2018
 


Abstract
This study presents a new beam-column model comprising material nonlinearity and joint flexibility to predict the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structures. The nonlinear behavior of connections has an outstanding role on the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structures. In presented research, the joint flexibility is considered applying a rotational spring at each end of the member. To derive the moment-rotation behavior of beam-column connections, the relative rotations produced by the relative slip of flexural reinforcement in the joint and the flexural cracking of the beam end are taken into consideration. Furthermore, the considered spread plasticity model, unlike the previous models that have been developed based on the linear moment distribution subjected to lateral loads includes both lateral and gravity load effects, simultaneously. To confirm the accuracy of the proposed methodology, a simply-supported test beam and three reinforced concrete frames are considered. Pushover and nonlinear dynamic analysis of three numerical examples are performed. In these examples the nonlinear behavior of connections and the material nonlinearity using the proposed methodology and also linear flexibility model with different number of elements for each member and fiber based distributed plasticity model with different number of integration points are simulated. Comparing the results of the proposed methodology with those of the aforementioned models describes that suggested model that only uses one element for each member can appropriately estimate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete structures.

Key Words
material nonlinearity; joint flexibility; spread plasticity; lateral load; gravity load

Address
Rabahi Abderezak, Tahar Hassaine Daouadji, Benferhat Rabia: Departement de Genie Civil, Universite Ibn Khaldoun Tiaret, BP 78 Zaaroura, Tiaret, Algerie; Laboratoire de Geomatique et Developpement Durable, Université de Tiaret, Algerie
Adim Belkacem: Laboratoire de Geomatique et Developpement Durable, Universite de Tiaret, Algerie; Departement des Sciences et Technologies, Centre Universitaire Tissemsilt, Algerie

Abstract
In this paper the strain energy density (SED) model is used to analyze the seismic behavior of suspen-domes and a new criterion is established for judging the seismic failure based on a characteristic point in the SED model. Firstly, a nonlinear time-history response analysis was carried out using the finite-element package ANSYS for typical suspen-domes subjected to different ground motions. The seismic responses including nodal displacements, ratios of yielding members, strain energy density and structural maximum deformation energy were extracted corresponding to the increasing peak ground acceleration (A). Secondly, the SED sum (Id) was calculated which revealed that the Id -A curve exhibited a relatively large change (called a characteristic point) at a certain value of A with a very small load increment after the structures entered the elastic-plastic state. Thirdly, a SED criterion is proposed to judge the seismic failure load based on the characteristic point. Subsequently, the case study verifies the characteristic point and the proposed SED criterion. Finally, this paper describes the unity and application of the SED criterion. The SED method may open a new way for structural appraisal and the SED criterion might give a unified criterion for predicting the failure loads of various structures subjected to dynamic loads.

Key Words
suspen-dome; SED criterion; characteristic point; failure load; nonlinear time-history response analysis

Address
Ming Zhang: School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Gerry Parke: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Shixuan Tian: Beijing Branch, Arup International Consultant (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
Yanxia Huang: School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Guangchun Zhou: School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huang he Road, Harbin, China

Abstract
To study the effectiveness of sliding isolation in a CRLSS (concrete rectangular liquid-storage structure) and develop a reasonable limiting-device method, dynamic responses of non-isolation, sliding isolation with spring limiting-devices and sliding isolation with steel bar limiting-devices are comparatively studied by shaking table test. The seismic response reduction advantage of sliding isolation for concrete liquid-storage structures is discussed, and the effect of the limiting-device type on system dynamic responses is analyzed. The results show that the dynamic responses of sliding isolation CRLSS with steel bar-limiting devices are significantly smaller than that of sliding isolation CRLSS with spring-limiting devices. The structure acceleration and liquid sloshing wave height are greatly influenced by spring-limiting devices. The acceleration of the structure in this case is close to or greater than that of a non-isolated structure. Liquid sloshing shows stronger nonlinear characteristics. On the other hand, sliding isolation with steel bar-limiting devices has a good control effect on the structural dynamic response and the liquid sloshing height simultaneously. Thus, a limiting device is an important factor affecting the seismic response reduction effect of sliding isolation. To take full advantage of sliding isolation in a concrete liquid-storage structure, a reasonable design of the limiting device is particularly important.

Key Words
sliding isolation; concrete rectangular liquid-storage structure; limiting device; shaking table test; dynamic response

Address
Xuansheng Cheng, Wei Jing: Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China; Western Engineering Research Center of Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
Xinlei Li: Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
Changde Lu: The Second Engineering Co., LTD, China Railway 21 Bureau Group Co., LTD, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China

Abstract
Extensive reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints with beams of different depths have been used in large industrial buildings and tall building structures under the demand of craft or function. The seismic behavior of the joint, particularly the relationship between deformation and strength in the core region of these eccentric reinforced concrete beamcolumn joints, has rarely been investigated. This paper performed a theoretical study on the effects of geometric features on the shear strength of the reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints with beams of different depths, which was critical factor in seismic behavior. A new model was developed to analyze the relationship between the shear strength and deformation based on the Equivalent Strut Mechanism (ESM), which combined the truss model and the diagonal strut model. Additionally, this paper developed a simplified calculation method to estimate the shear strength of these type eccentric joints. The accuracy of the model was verified as the modifying analysis data fitted to the test results, which was a loading test of 6 eccentric joints conducted previously.

Key Words
shear strength; deformation; joint; eccentricity; earthquake resistance

Address
Kailin Xi, Guohua Xing, Tao Wu and Boquan Liu: School of Civil Engineering, Chang\'an University, Xi\'an 710061, China

Abstract
Design of structures subjected to blast loads are usually carried out through nonlinear inelastic dynamic analysis followed by imposing acceptance criteria specified in design codes. In addition to comprehensive aspects of inelastic dynamic analyses, particularly in analysis and design of structures subjected to transient loads, they inherently suffer from convergence and computational cost problems. In this research, a strategy is proposed for design of steel moment resisting frames under far range blast loads. This strategy is inspired from performance based seismic design concepts, which is here developed to blast design. For this purpose, an algorithm is presented to calculate the capacity modification factors of frame members in order to simplify design of these structures subjected to blast loading. The present method provides a simplified design procedure in which the linear dynamic analysis is preformed, instead of the time-consuming nonlinear dynamic analysis. Nonlinear and linear analyses are accomplished in order to establish this design procedure, and consequently the final design procedure is proposed as a strategy requiring only linear structural analysis, while acceptance criteria of nonlinear analysis is implicitly satisfied.

Key Words
steel moment resisting frames; capacity modification factor; performance based design; nonlinear dynamic analysis; linear dynamic analysis; blast loading

Address
Ghasem Dehghani Ashkezari: Protective Structures and Materials Center, Passive Defense Department, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of using threaded rods and steel profiles to produce a steel confining system for rehabilitation of damaged concrete corbels for the first time in literature. Some of the specimens were repaired by crack repair epoxy before being confined for further enhancement. A total of 19 two sided damaged corbels were used in the study with different mechanical properties and parameters but similar dimensions. The differences were in rehabilitation style, shear span, fiber percentage, reinforcement steel diameter, and concrete strength. The rehabilitated specimens were loaded with vertical load until failure. Four different configurations were used in the investigation. Test results show that the proposed rehabilitation technique is effective to enhance the load capacity of the corbels and to improve their ductility. Moreover, new formulations were proposed to calculate the load capacity of the rehabilitated corbels. A good fit was observed between numerical and experimental results.

Key Words
corbels; rehabilitation; external steel; epoxy; threaded rods; repair; concrete; load capacity; ductility

Address
Mehmet Eren Gulsan and Mustafa A. Shaikhan: Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, University Avenue, Central Campus, Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the dynamic performance of a composite building structure under seismic ground motions. The building structure is an official fire department building located in southern Taiwan. It is composed of a seven-story reinforced concrete (RC) and an eight-story steel reinforced concrete (SRC) frame. Both frames share a common basement and are separated by expansion joints from the first to the seventh floor. Recorded floor accelerations of the building structure under eight earthquakes occurring during the period from 2011 to 2013 were examined in this paper. It is found that both frames had similar floor acceleration amplifications in the longitudinal direction, while the SRC frame revealed larger response than the RC frame in the transverse direction. Almost invariant and similar fundamental periods under the eight earthquakes in both directions were obtained from their transfer functions. Furthermore, numerical time-history simulations were carried out for the building structure under the most intensive earthquake. It is realized that the seismic response of the composite building was dominated by the first translational mode in each horizontal direction. Higher modes did not significantly contribute to the structural response. The conventional Rayleigh damping model could be appropriately applied to the time-history simulations under bi-directional excitations. Approximate floor acceleration envelopes were obtained with a compound RC and SRC structural model by using the average damping ratios determined from the different structural arrays.

Key Words
composite building structure; seismic performance; floor acceleration; time-history simulation

Address
Meng-Hao Tsai, Yih-Ping Song and Jun-Kai Lu: Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
Junfei Zhang: School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

Abstract
This paper studied the probability of pounding occurred between decks and abutments of a long span high-pier continuous rigid fame bridge subjected to ground motions with local soil effect. A pounding probability analysis methodology has been proposed using peak acceleration at bedrock as intensity measure (IM) for multi-support seismic analysis. The bridge nonlinear finite element (FE) models was built with four different separation distances. Effect of actual site condition and nonuniform spatial soil profiles on seismic wave propagating from bedrock to ground surface is modelled. Pounding probability of the high-pier bridge under multi-support seismic excitations (MSSE) is analyzed based on the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (n-IDA). Pounding probability results under uniform excitations (UE) without actual local site effect are compared with that under MSSE with site effect. The study indicates that the required design separation length between deck and abutment under uniform excitations is larger than that under MSSE as the peak acceleration at bedrock increases. As the increase of both separation distance between deck and abutment and the peak acceleration, the probability of pounding occurred at a single abutment or at two abutments simultaneously under MSSE is less than that under UE. It is of great significance considering actual local site effect for determining the separation distance between deck and abutment through the probability pounding analysis of the high-pier bridge under MSSE.

Key Words
local soil site effect; separation distance; pounding probability; high-pier bridge; nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis

Address
Hongyu Jia: Department of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Jingang Zhao: College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
Xi Li: Department of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Lanping Li: Department of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Shixiong Zheng: Department of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

Abstract
Deflection control in tall buildings is a challenging issue. Connecting of the towers is an interesting idea for architects as well as structural engineers. In this paper, two reinforced concrete core-wall towers are connected by a truss bridge with buckling restrained braces. The buildings are 40 and 60-story. The effect of the location of the bridge is investigated. Response spectrum analysis of the linear models is used to obtain the design demands and the systems are designed according to the reliable codes. Then, nonlinear time history analysis at maximum considered earthquake is performed to assess the seismic responses of the systems subjected to far-field and near-field record sets. Fiber elements are used for the reinforced concrete walls. On average, the inter-story drift ratio demand will be minimized when the bridge is approximately located at a height equal to 0.825 times the total height of the building. Besides, because of whipping effects, maximum roof acceleration demand is approximately two times the peak ground acceleration. Plasticity extends near the base and also in major areas of the walls subjected to the seismic loads.

Key Words
reinforced concrete core-wall; connected building; buckling restrained braces; truss bridge; time history analysis

Address
Hamid Beiraghi: Department of Civil Engineering, Mahdishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahdishahr, Iran

Abstract
To reach a better foundation treatment project, an optimized analysis of composite foundation was studied in the field of hydraulic engineering. Its unique characteristics in hydraulic engineering were concluded. And, the overall and detailed analysis of the composite foundation model established was carried out. The index parameters of the vertical reinforced rigid pile composite foundation were formulated. Further, considering the unique role of cushion in hydraulic engineering, its penetration and regularity were analyzed. Then, comparative and optimized analyses of cushion multistage physical dimensions and multistage material characteristics were established. The parameters of the piles distance were optimized and the multilevel scientific and reasonable parameters information was obtained. Based on the information of these parameters, the practical application was verified. It effectively supported the effective application of vertical reinforcement rigid pile composite foundation in hydraulic engineering. The service mechanism of composite foundation was fully analyzed.

Key Words
optimization analysis; foundation treatment; vertical reinforcement; hydraulic engineering

Address
Tianye Zhang: College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Shixia Liu: Benxi Branch of Liaoning Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau, Benxi 117000, China


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